UNIVERSITY PHYSICS II CHAPTER 25 825.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity 1. what is reference frame A reference frame consists of (1)a coordinate system and (2)a set of synchronized clocks distributed throughout the coordinate grid and rest with respect to it. 3
1 1.what is reference frame A reference frame consists of (1) a coordinate system and (2) a set of synchronized clocks distributed throughout the coordinate grid and rest with respect to it. x z y §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
8 25 1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity 「T证 825.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity A reference frame has three spatial coordinates and one time coordinate (x,y, z, t). Four dimensional space-time Inertial reference frames Reference frame noninertial reference frames synchronized clocks
2 §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity A reference frame has three spatial coordinates and one time coordinate (x, y, z, t). Four dimensional space-time synchronized clocks: l l A B O Inertial reference frames Reference frame noninertial reference frames §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
8 25 1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity 2. Some fundamental concepts P Event is something that happens at a particular place and instant. >Observers belong to particular inertial frames of reference, they could be people, electronic instrument, or other suitable recorders y Relativity is concerned with how an event described in one reference frame is related to its description in another reference frame. That is how the coordinates and times of events measured in one reference frame are related to the coordinate, time, and corresponding physica quantities in another reference frame. 825.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity The special theory of relativity is concerned ith the relationship between events and physical quantities specified in different inertial reference frames >The general theory of relativity is concerned with the relationship between nts and physical quantities specified in any reference frames >Transformation equations are that indicate how the four space and time coordinates specified in one reference frame are related to z the corresponding quantities pecified in another reference frame
3 ¾Relativity is concerned with how an event described in one reference frame is related to its description in another reference frame. That is how the coordinates and times of events measured in one reference frame are related to the coordinate, time, and corresponding physical quantities in another reference frame. 2. Some fundamental concepts ¾Event is something that happens at a particular place and instant. ¾Observers belong to particular inertial frames of reference, they could be people, electronic instrument, or other suitable recorders. §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity ¾The special theory of relativity is concerned with the relationship between events and physical quantities specified in different inertial reference frames. ¾The general theory of relativity is concerned with the relationship between events and physical quantities specified in any reference frames. ¾Transformation equations are that indicate how the four space and time coordinates specified in one reference frame are related to the corresponding quantities specified in another reference frame. ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ′ ′ ′ ′ ⇔ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ t z y x t z y x §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
8 25 1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity Standard geometry we use for the special theory of relativity has two inertial reference frames called s and s’, with their x-andx’- coordinate axes collinear. Imagine collections of clocks distributed at rest throughout each respective frame; the clocks all are set to O s when the two origins coincide. Observer is at rest in frame s 825.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity Observer is at rest in frame sy
4 ¾Standard geometry we use for the special theory of relativity has two inertial reference frames called S and S’, with their x- and x’- coordinate axes collinear. Imagine collections of clocks distributed at rest throughout each respective frame; the clocks all are set to 0 s when the two origins coincide. Observer is at rest in frame S. §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity Observer is at rest in frame S’. §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
8 25 1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity 3. Classical Galilean relativity Othe Galilean time transformation equation In classical physics time is a universal measure of the chronological ordering of events and the time interval between them Watches in fast sports cars. airplanes those at rest on the ground; the time interval o spacecraft, and oxcarts tick at the same rate between two events and the rate at which time passes are independent of the speed of the moving clock; they are same everywhere. 825.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity @the Galilean spatial coordinate transformation equations T=I x'ex t=t u=u y=y Z =Z
5 3. Classical Galilean relativity 1the Galilean time transformation equation In classical physics time is a universal measure of the chronological ordering of events and the time interval between them. Watches in fast sports cars, airplanes, spacecraft, and oxcarts tick at the same rate as those at rest on the ground; the time interval between two events and the rate at which time passes are independent of the speed of the moving clock; they are same everywhere. t = t′ §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity 2the Galilean spatial coordinate transformation equations z z y y x x vt ′ = ′ = ′ = − t = t′ u u v r r rO r r r r r r ′ = − ′ = − §25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity