微体古生物学报2003年6月：20（2)：147-149Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 20(2):147-149: June, 2003中国现生轮藻研究现状兰利琼傅华龙卿人韦（四川大学生命科学学院，成都610064)提要中国是轮藻的主要产地，记有5属、152种、39变种，且半数以上为中国特有种、变种，其研究对世界轮藻研究意义重大然而我国的相关研究起步晚，虽在20世纪的80年代进行了较为全面的资源调查，但其后的研究几乎处于停顿状态，尽管一些单位在轮藻生理细胞学、多样性以及现生与化石轮藻研究的相关性等方面有着良好的研究苗头，却未能得到足够的重视，使我国现生轮藻研究大大落后于国际同行。积极寻求项目支持打开现生轮藻研究新局面是我们的当务之急关键词现生轮藻研究现状中国THEPRESENTSTATEOFRESEARCHONLIVINGCHAROPHYTESINCHINA1) 2)FU Hualong" and QING Ren-wei"LAN Li-qiongI)College of Life Sciences,Sichuan University,Chengdu 6100642)Corresponding author, E-mail: llqcg@263.netAbstract China is rich in living charophytes,including 5 genera, 152 species, 39 variationsAnd more than halfof th em are specially localized in China-So, to research on charophytes in China is very important. But researchwork on them was done very late. Though comprehensive investigation was performed in 1980s, less work hasbeen done from then on. Some researdh groups did find interesting data on charophytesphysiology, cytology, biodiversity and the relationship between living and fossil dharophyte research work- But insufficient at tention waspaid to them- Therefore, the research work on living charophytes in our country has lagged behind our intemation-al groups. To seek project and fund so as to reshape our research work is the most urgent matter for us to do.Keywordsliving charophytes,researchwork,present state,ChineseWith an area of about 9.6million km,ChinaHan Fu-shan(1958,1963),Jao Chin-chin(1947a.1947b).Besides,therewere only afew reports inspans temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropi-cal zoneShe has many fresh waters,such aswhich the charophytes living in China were men-tioned. Of course, there is not at all any further orlakes,rivers,ponds,rice fields, and so on.Thesesystematical research on the properties, physiolo-places are the ideal living environment for charo-phytes. So, China is rich of charophytes. But, thegic activities, and ecological characters.research on them started very latePeople knewActiveResearchonCharophytesin1980sIn 1979, a comprehensive and systematic in-very little about even the general condition ofcharophytesresources in China till 1979.Relatedvestigation on charophyte resource of China wasreports include Jao Chin-chin and Li Yao-yingstarted with the support of the National NaturalScienceFundation.Supervised by Prof.(1974), Qian Cheng-yu and Dai Shu-mao(1964),Har收稿日期2003-03-31?1994-2019ChinaAcademic Journal ElectronicPublishingHouse.All rights reserved.http://www.cnki.net
微体古生物学报 2003年 6月 ; 20( 2): 147- 149 Acta Micr opala eonto log ica Sinica 20( 2): 147- 149; June, 2003 中国现生轮藻研究现状 兰利琼 傅华龙 卿人韦 (四川大学生命科学学院 , 成都 610064) 提要 中国是轮藻的主要产地 ,记有 5属、 152种、 39变种 ,且半数以上为中国特有种、变种 ,其研究对世界轮藻研 究意义重大。 然而我国的相关研究起步晚 ,虽在 20世纪的 80年代进行了较为全面的资源调查 ,但其后的研究几乎 处于停顿状态 ,尽管一些单位在轮藻生理、细胞学、多样性以及现生与化石轮藻研究的相关性等方面有着良好的研 究苗头 ,却未能得到足够的重视 ,使我国现生轮藻研究大大落后于国际同行。 积极寻求项目支持 ,打开现生轮藻研 究新局面是我们的当务之急。 关键词 现生轮藻 研究 现状 中国 收稿日期 2003-03-31 THE PRESENT STATE OF RESEARCH ON LIVING CHAROPHYTES IN CHINA LAN Li-qio ng 1) 2) FU Hua-lo ng 1) and QIN G Ren-w ei 1) 1 ) Coll ege of Lif e Scien ces, Sichuan University , Chengd u 610064 2 ) Correspond ing author, E-m ail: llqcg@ 263 . net Abstract China is rich in liv ing cha ro phy tes, including 5 g ene ra, 152 species, 39 v ariations. And mo r e tha n ha lf of th em ar e specially localized in China. So , to resea rch o n char ophyt es in China is v ery impo rtant. But research w or k o n them was do ne v ery late. Tho ug h comprehensiv e inv estiga tio n wa s perfo rm ed in 1980s, less w o rk has been do ne from then o n. Some resear ch g roups did find interesting data on char ophytes ' phy siolog y , cy tolog y , biodiv ersity and the relatio nship betwee n liv ing a nd fo ssil cha ro phy te research wo rk. But insufficient at tention was paid to them. Therefo re , the r esea rch w or k o n liv ing char ophytes in o ur co untry has lag ged behind o ur international g r oups. To seek pro ject a nd fund so as to reshape o ur research w or k is the most ur gent ma tter fo r us to do. Key words living charophytes, resea rch w o rk, present sta te, Chinese With a n a rea of abo ut 9. 6 millio n km 2 , China spans tempera te zo ne, subtropical zo ne and tro pical zo ne. She has ma ny fresh wa ters, such a s lakes, riv ers, po nds, rice fields, a nd so on. These places are the ideal living environment fo r charophy tes. So , China is rich of charo phytes. But, the resea rch o n them started v ery late. People knew v ery little a bout ev en the general conditio n of cha rophy tes ' resources in China till 1979. Related reports include Jao Chin-chin and Li Yao-ying ( 1974) , Qian Cheng-yu and Dai Shu-mao ( 1964) , Han Fu-shan ( 1958, 1963) , Jao Chin-chin ( 1947a, 1947b). Besides, there w ere only a few reports in w hich the charo phytes living in China w ere mentio ned. Of course, there is no t a t all any further o r sy stematical research on the properties, phy siologic activ ities, a nd ecolog ical characters. Active Research on Charophytes in 1980s In 1979, a comprehensive and systema tic inv estigatio n on charo phyte resource of China w as started with the suppo rt o f the Natio nal Natural Science Funda tion. Superv ised by Prof. Han
20卷148微体古生物学报Fushan from Sichuan University, totally Il orga-sis of the amino acid composition in a few speciesnizations took part in this project, includingof the Characeae, mineral element in CharaceaeWuhan Institute of Hydrobiology, Academia Sini-and biochemical constituents of Nitellopsis obtusa.ca, Peking University etc. This project marked theThey tried to provide some theoretical basis for thebeginning of a new era of researches on livingexploitation of charophytes as forage organism andcharophytes in China. This period, 1981- 1991,fertilizer. Deng Xin-yan and others from Yunnanwas a very splendid period, and during the period,University observed and described the process ofabout 30 papers were published. Of course, almostmitosis from the primitive cell of antheridial fila-all of them focused on the resources and distribu-ment to the sperm cell of Chara vulgaris. Theytion of charophytes except one paper written bytried to provide some basic information for the re-Qin Guang-rong et al.(Xie Shu-Hian& Lin Yuan-searches on generative propagation and evolution.jie, 1988)from Beijing Normal University, whichOur Lab, Lab of Phycology and Resource Ex-reports the physical character of the electric reflec-ploitation Engineering, College of Life Science,fion in neighboring cell of Nitella. After these se-Sichuan University, studied many aspects ofries investigation, peopleknew a general conditioncharophytes(Fu Hua-ong & Lan Li-qiong, 1996,199& Fu HuaHong et al.,2001).We studied theof the flora of Characeae in China and found manynew species and new distribution.Finally,.thetoxicology of the membranes permeability and thepublication of the Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquaequantity of chloroplast of the charophyte cellsDulcis Tomus 3, Charophyta(Han Fu-shan & Liwhen treated with heavy metal in their environ-Yao-ying,1994)was an embodimentof allre-ment. We studied the ability of charophytes to ab-search achievements of this project. The book de-sorb and purify the heavy metal in their environ-scribes totally152species and 39variations, whichment. Besides, we studied whetheritis reasonablebelong to 5 genera. The content of the researchesfor us to do differentiation work mainly based onin this period seemed somewhat monotonous. Butthe length of stipule or the size of oogonium. Wefound that the size and the position of oogoniumthey had built up a substantial foundation for thefurther progress of charophyte studies afterwards.and the length of stipule could vary obviously inSo, they are very necessary.Chara vulgaris and Chara braunii if we put someResearch work on Charophytes in 1990stoxic matters, such as heavy metals and pesticides,In 1990s, because ofinsufficient funding, andinto their environment. Thus we suggested thatitmore importantly, because of the death of the oldwas not considerate, or even proper to classify thespecialists, such as Han Fu-shan and Li Yao-ying,charophytes mainly according to the length of thethe two chief compilers of the Flora Algarum Sini-stipule or the size of oogonium. Zhou Xiu-gao,carum Aquae Dulcis Tomus 3, Charophyta, re-China University of Geosciences, paid attention tosearches on charophytes declined. So, from 1991the criterion of classification, too. He made a sta-till now, the published papers about living charo-tistical analysis on several characters (e. g. thephytes were just more thanten pieces. But, it con-greatest length of gyrogonites, the greatest widthsoles us that even though these studies were limit-of gyrogonites, the numbers of specimens of gyro-edin number, they covered more widely than evergonites)from a living charophyteChara zeylanica.beforein content.People studied not only the tax-He found that the variations of these characters areonomy and distribution, but also the physiolo-continuous. It is difficult to classify the species ac-gical, biochemical, genesiological and other as-cording to quantitative characters unless in the waypects. Xie Shu-lian and colleagues from Shanxiof statistical analysis.University(Xie Shu-ian& Lin Yuan-jie,1991;PerspectivesHudnalblishingHdnata
Fushan from Sichua n University , totally 11 o rganizatio ns took part in this pro ject, including W uhan Institute of Hydrobiolog y, Academia Sinica, Peking Univ ersity etc. This pro ject marked the beginning o f a new era of researches on liv ing cha rophy tes in China. This period, 1981- 1991, w as a v ery splendid perio d, and during the period, about 30 pa pers w ere published. Of course, almo st all o f them focused on the reso urces and distribution of cha ro phy tes ex cept one paper w ritten by Qin Guang-rong et al. ( Xie Shu-lian & Lin Yua njie, 1988) from Beijing No rmal Univ ersity, w hich reports the physical character o f the electric reflection in neighboring cell of Nitella. After these series inv estiga tio n, people knew a general co nditio n o f the flo ra of Characeae in China and found many new species a nd new distribution. Finally, the publica tion o f the Flo ra Alg arum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis Tomus 3, Charophyta ( Han Fu-shan & Li Yao-ying, 1994 ) w as a n embodiment o f all research achiev ements of this project. The book describes to tally 152 species a nd 39 va riations, w hich belong to 5 genera. The content of the resea rches in this period seemed somewha t mo no to no us. But they had built up a substantial foundatio n fo r the further prog ress o f charophyte studies afterw ards. So , they are v ery necessa ry. Research work on Charophytes in 1990s In 1990s, because o f insufficient funding, and more impo rta ntly , because of the death of the old specialists, such as Ha n Fu-shan a nd Li Yao-ying , the tw o chief compilers o f the Flo ra Alga rum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis Tomus 3, Cha rophy ta, researches o n charo phytes declined. So, from 1991 till now , the published papers about living charophy tes were just mo re tha n ten pieces. But, it co nsoles us that ev en though these studies w ere limited in number, they cov ered more widely than ev er befo re in co ntent. People studied no t o nly the taxo nomy a nd distributio n, but also the physio logical, biochemical, g enesio logical and other aspects. Xie Shu-lia n and colleag ues from Shanx i Univ ersity ( Xie Shu-lian & Lin Yuan-jie, 1991; Huang Shu-ping et al. , 1994) reported their analysis of the amino acid compo sitio n in a few species of the Cha raceae, mineral element in Characeae, and biochemical co nstituents o f N itellopsis obtusa. They tried to provide some theoretical basis for the exploitatio n o f charophytes as fo rage o rg anism a nd fertilizer. Deng Xin-yan and o thers from Yunnan Univ ersity observ ed a nd described the process of mitosis from the primitiv e cell of a ntheridial filament to the sperm cell of Chara v ulgaris. Th ey tried to provide some basic informa tio n fo r the researches o n g enerativ e pro pagation and ev olutio n. Our Lab, Lab o f Phycolog y and Reso urce Exploitation Engineering , College o f Life Science, Sichuan Univ ersity , studied many aspects of charophytes( Fu Hua-long & Lan Li-qio ng , 1996, 1998; Fu Hua-lo ng et al. , 2001). We studied the toxicolog y of the membrane 's permeability and the quantity of chlo roplast of the cha rophy te 's cells w hen treated with heav y metal in their environment. We studied the ability of cha ro phy tes to abso rb and purify the heav y metal in their environment. Besides, w e studied w hether it is reaso nable fo r us to do differentiation w o rk mainly based on the leng th o f stipule o r the size of oog onium. W e fo und that the size and the po sitio n of oog onium and the leng th of stipule could v ary o bvio usly in Chara vulgaris and Chara braunii if w e put some toxic matters, such as heav y metals and pesticides, into their enviro nment. Thus w e sug gested tha t it w as no t co nsidera te, or even proper to classify the charophytes mainly acco rding to the leng th of the stipule o r the size o f oog onium. Zhou Xiu-gao, China Univ ersity o f Geo sciences, paid a ttention to the criterion of classificatio n, too. He made a statistical analy sis on sev era l cha racters ( e. g. the g reatest leng th of g yrog onites, the g reatest width of g yrog onites, the numbers of specimens of g yrogo nites) from a liv ing cha ro phy te Chara zeylanica. He found tha t the va riations of these cha racters are co ntinuous. It is difficult to classify the species acco rding to quantitativ e cha racters unless in the w ay of sta tistical analy sis. Perspectives According to the present research sta tus, it 148 微 体 古 生 物 学 报 20卷
2期兰利琼等：中国现生轮藻研究现状149the charophytesclassic system, genetic relation-seems that people could not get much direct eco-nomic benefit from the research on living charo-ship, evolution, molecular biology,development,phytes. So, we can hardly get support from com-morphology and structure, especially submicro-panies. That is the reason why the researches onstructure, biochemistry, biophysics, diversity andcharophytes were paid less attention to in China inprotection, etcWe should make good usage of ourrecent years than ten years ago.But, we all knowresources to do better work on living charophytes.that charophytes are very important and have greatmeaning in basic theoretical researches, becauseREFERENCEStheir structures and physiological activities are spe-cial, because they are the most advanced algae,FU Hua-long, LAN Li-qjong, 1996. Study on the eco-variation andand because they are the transitional sorts in thetax onomy of Charophytes. Jurnal of Schuan Univ ersity,33process of plant evolution. On the other hand,(3): 316322FU Hua-ong, LAN Li-jong, 1998 The influence of poison in en-China is richin charophyte resources. But in recentvironment on the size of oogonium of charophytes. Journal ofyears, phenomenon shows that the distribution ofSchuan University, 35(4): 624 629charophytes reduces obviously because of the in-FU Hua-ong, CHEN Hao, DONC Bin, QINC Ren-wei. 2001. Thedustrialization and urbanization. The use of pesti-influence of heav y mental on the quantity of chloroplast and themembanes pemealility- Journal of Schuan University, 38cide and chemical fertilizer contaminates the water.(5): 757 764For example, in Chengdu before 1980s,we couldHAN Fushan, 1958 The Preliminary Records of Charophytes offind various and plenty of charophytes just in theWest-Sch uan Plain Acta Phytotaxonomica Snica, 7(2): 135-near suburbs of thecity. Butnow,itisverydiffi-190HAN Fushan, 1963. The Records of Charophy tes of Sichuan Jour-cult to collect charophytes even when you are tensnal of Sichuan University,(1): 8 175of kilometers awayfromthe city.Inthese coupleHAN Fu-shan, LIYao-ying, 1994 Flora Algarum Snicarum Aquaeof years, we continuously found a kind of veryDulcis Tomus 3, Charophyta Science Press, Beijng. 267strange charophyte in the rice field in MingshanHUANG Shu-ping, XIE Sujng, XIE Shu-lian, LIN Yuanjie,1994. Studies on the determination of some mineral elements inCounty,which is 120 km away from Chengdu.ToCharaceae. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 11( 1): 50our surprise, we found that it looks like plants ofMAHO RI K, 1951,1952 Studies on Charophytain Formosa Si.Nitelleae,whose comonula is composed of two lay-Rep- Kanaz- Univ- pan, 1: 20221, 2 115- 537ers and totally 10 cells.While it also looks like theJA Chin-chin, 1947a. Some Characeae from Kunming, Yunnan.Bot Bull, Acad Sinica, 1( 1): 44plants of Characeae, beca use there are many small-JAO Chin-chin, 1947b. Studies on the freshwater algae of Chinatumour-ike stipula on nodes. We are not sure thatXIV.Some freshwater algae from Kansu. Bot. Bull.Acad.whether itis a new category or they are the effectSrica, 1(1): 67-76of the contaminated environment. We are tryingJAO Chin-chin, LI Yao-ing, 1974. Materals for the Champhyta ofour best to study it. According to kinds of phe-Hupeh, China I Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 12(3): 349369nomenon, even though we didn t investigate theQIAN Cheng-yu, DAI Shu-man, 1964. A Preliminary Imw estigationdistribution of charophyte resource any more, peoof Characeae From Dian-chi Lake Journal of Yunnan Universi-ple believe that the diversity of charophytes is ob-ty, (3): 66-79QIN Guang-rong,ZHANG Zhi-tong. LI Rong. HU ANG Li, 1988viously threatened.Therefore, we should payPhase transition in neighhoring cell of N itella. Journal of Bei-more attention to charophytes for the studies of di-jing Normal University, 4 102- 106versity and protection of diversity.XIE Shu-lian, LIN Yuanje 1991. Analysis of the amino acid com-It is worth considering and discussing for usposition in a few species of the Characeaeburnal of Shansihow to seek supportive project and fund to studyUriversity, 14(1): 88- 92?1994-2019China Academic Journal ElectronicPublishingHouse.All rights reserved.http://www.cnki.net
seems that peo ple could not g et much direct economic benefit from the research o n living charophy tes. So, w e can ha rdly g et suppo rt from companies. That is the reaso n why the resea rches o n cha rophy tes w ere paid less attentio n to in China in recent y ears than ten yea rs ag o. But, w e all know that charophytes are v ery important a nd hav e g reat meaning in basic theo retical researches, because their structures and phy siological activ ities are special, because they are the most advanced algae, and beca use they are the transitio nal so rts in the process of pla nt ev olutio n. On the other hand, China is rich in charo phyte resources. But in recent y ea rs, phenomenon show s that the distributio n of cha rophy tes reduces obv iously because o f the industrializa tion and urbanizatio n. The use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer co ntamina tes the w ater. For ex ample, in Cheng du befo re 1980s, w e co uld find va rious and plenty o f charophy tes just in the near suburbs o f the city. But now , it is v ery difficult to collect charo phytes ev en when yo u are tens o f kilometers aw ay from the city. In these couple o f years, w e continuo usly fo und a kind of v ery strang e charophy te in the rice field in Mingsha n County, which is 120 km aw ay from Chengdu. To o ur surprise, w e fo und tha t it looks like plants of Nitelleae, w hose co ro nula is composed of tw o layers and to tally 10 cells. While it also looks like the plants of Characeae, beca use there are many smalltumour-like stipula o n nodes. We are no t sure that w hether it is a new categ ory o r they are the effect o f the co ntamina ted env iro nment. We are trying o ur best to study it. According to kinds o f phenomenon, ev en though we didn 't inv estigate the distribution of charo phyte resource a ny mo re, people believe tha t the diversity o f cha ro phy tes is obvio usly th reatened. Therefo re, we should pay more attentio n to charophy tes fo r th e studies of diversity and pro tection o f div ersity. It is wo rth co nsidering and discussing for us how to seek suppo rtive pro ject and fund to study the charo phytes ' classic sy stem, genetic relationship, ev olutio n, molecular biolog y , dev elopment, mo rpholog y and structure, especially submicrostructure, biochemistry, biophy sics, diversity a nd protectio n, etc. We should make g ood usage of o ur resources to do better w o rk on liv ing charophy tes. REFERENCES FU Hua-long, L AN Li-qiong , 1996. Study on th e eco-variati on and t ax onomy of Charoph yt es. Jou rnal of Si ch uan Univ ersity, 33 ( 3): 316 322 FU Hua-long, L AN Li-qi ong, 1998. Th e influ ence of poison in environment on the size of oogoniu m of charoph ytes. Journal of Sichuan University, 35( 4): 624— 629 FU Hua-long, C HEN Hao, DONG Bin , QING Ren-w ei, 2001. The influence of h eav y mental on the quantit y of chl oroplast and the memb rane 's perm eability. Jou rnal of Si ch uan Universit y, 38 ( 5): 757— 764 HAN Fu-sh an, 1958. Th e Preliminary Records of Ch aroph yt es of West-Si ch uan Pl ain. Act a Ph yt otaxonomica Sinica, 7( 2): 135— 190 HAN Fu-sh an, 1963. The Records of Charophy tes of Sich uan. Journal of Sichuan Universit y, ( 1): 81— 175 HAN Fu-shan, LI Yao-ying, 1994. Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis Tomu s 3, Charoph yta. Science Press, Beijing. 1— 267 HUANG Sh u-ping, XIE Su-jing, XIE Sh u-lian, LIN Yuan-jie, 1994. S tudies on the det ermination of s ome mineral el em ents in Characeae. Chinese Bull etin of Bot an y, 11( 1): 50 IM AHO RI K, 1951, 1952. Studies on Ch aroph yt a in Formosa. Sci. Rep. Kanaz. Univ. Japan, 1: 201— 221, 2: 115— 537 JAO Chin-chin, 1947a. Some Ch araceae from Kunming , Yunnan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sini ca, 1( 1): 44 JAO Chin-chin, 1947b. Studi es on th e fres hw ater algae of China XIV. Some freshw ater algae from Kansu. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sini ca, 1( 1): 67-76 JAO Chin-ch in, LI Yao-ying, 1974. Mat erials f or th e Ch aroph yta of Hup eh, China I. Acta Phyt ot axonomica Sinica, 12 ( 3): 349— 369 QIAN Cheng-yu, DAI Shu-mao, 1964. A Preliminary Inv estigati on of Characeae From Dian-chi Lake. Jou rnal of Yunnan Uni versit y, ( 3): 66 79 QIN Guang-rong, ZHANG Zhi-t ong, LI Rong , HU AN G Li, 1988. Phase transiti on in nei ghboring cell of N itella. Journal of Beijing Normal Universit y, 4: 102— 106 XIE Shu-lian, L IN Yuan-ji e, 1991. Anal ysis of the amino acid composition in a f ew sp ecies of th e Characeae. Jou rnal of Sh anxi Univ ersit y, 14( 1): 88— 92 2期 兰利琼等: 中国现生轮藻研究现状 149