A3 or A4 sheet, landscape mode Good ideas for the text TITLE:- DISCUSS ION EE PN wTt乙 8yx,y RESULTS Boxes with main headings METHOD 9000 NMDGY! ANALYSS AMPER By ACKNDNLEDCMEMn NECDA RCFELINCES Things that are Links between still needed sections of text Figure 2 A model for a concept sheet.It helps to use colour to identify tasks that still need resolution.and good ideas for the text. How to write a paper 6 MFA,16/08/11
How to write a paper 6 MFA, 16/08/11 Figure 2 A model for a concept sheet. It helps to use colour to identify tasks that still need resolution, and good ideas for the text. A3 or A4 sheet, landscape mode Boxes with main headings Good ideas for the text Things that are still needed Links between sections of text
2's9 52J沙口 (Sa8wtN5 X NIHL -NON dwyx3 高e H4心320 I5n 893N ypy SI oHM MAHL Figure 3.The concept sheet I made when writing this text How to write a paper MFA,16/08/11
How to write a paper 7 MFA, 16/08/11 Figure 3. The concept sheet I made when writing this text
4 EMBODIMENT-The First Draft Now the hard work.Break the job down into stages.The usual stages in writing a paper are set out in the boxes below.Papers are not drafted sequentially;do it in any order you wish. Get the scientific facts and technical details down,the ideas formulated,the graphs and figures planned.If good ways of expressing the ideas occur to you now,use them;but do not deflect effort from the key job of assembling the pieces,in whatever form them come.Here they are 4.1 TITLE Meaningful and brief,in 14 pt bold Fatigue of Metal Foams is better than The Mechanical Response of Cymat and Alporas Metallic Foams to Uni-axial Cyclic Loading even though it is less specific. 4.2 ATTRIBUTION.The names of the authors,with all initials;the Institute or organization, with full address;the date. “AM.Harte and C.Chen, The Cambridge Centre for Micromechanics, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Cambridge CB2 IPZ,UK January1999.” 4.3 THE ABSTRACT.Try for one sentence each on motive,method,key results,conclusions. Don't exceed 3 sentences on any one. The reader of an Abstract has been lured by the title.He or she now want to know whether to read on.Tell them,in as few sentences as possible,what they will find.No waffle,no spurious details.Try not to exceed 100 words.Imagine that you are paying a 10p a word.See the Appendix for an example. 4.4 INTRODUCTION What is the problem and why is it interesting? Who are the main contributors? What did they do? What novel thing will you reveal? Outline the problem and why it was worth tackling.Review the literature,recording briefly the main contributors and summarising the status of the field when you started the research.Provide any specialised information that the reader might need if he is to understand How to write a paper 8 MFA,16/08/11
How to write a paper 8 MFA, 16/08/11 4 EMBODIMENT – The First Draft Now the hard work. Break the job down into stages. The usual stages in writing a paper are set out in the boxes below. Papers are not drafted sequentially; do it in any order you wish. Get the scientific facts and technical details down, the ideas formulated, the graphs and figures planned. If good ways of expressing the ideas occur to you now, use them; but do not deflect effort from the key job of assembling the pieces, in whatever form them come. Here they are. 4.1 TITLE Meaningful and brief, in 14 pt bold Fatigue of Metal Foams is better than The Mechanical Response of Cymat and Alporas Metallic Foams to Uni-axial Cyclic Loading even though it is less specific. 4.2 ATTRIBUTION • The names of the authors, with all initials; the Institute or organization, with full address; the date. “A.M.Harte and C.Chen, The Cambridge Centre for Micromechanics, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK January 1999.” 4.3 THE ABSTRACT • Try for one sentence each on motive, method, key results, conclusions. Don’t exceed 3 sentences on any one. The reader of an Abstract has been lured by the title. He or she now want to know whether to read on. Tell them, in as few sentences as possible, what they will find. No waffle, no spurious details. Try not to exceed 100 words. Imagine that you are paying a 10p a word. See the Appendix for an example. 4.4 INTRODUCTION • What is the problem and why is it interesting? • Who are the main contributors? • What did they do? What novel thing will you reveal? Outline the problem and why it was worth tackling. Review the literature, recording briefly the main contributors and summarising the status of the field when you started the research. Provide any specialised information that the reader might need if he is to understand
what follows.State what you will do that has not been done before (new experimental approach?new data?new model?new interpretation?)Keep it as brief as you can whilst still doing all this. Start with a good first sentence-see Section 8 for examples. 4.5 METHOD Experimental paper:equipment,materials,method Modeling paper:assumptions,mathematical tools,method Computational paper:inputs,computational tools,method Explain what is especially different about your method. Give sufficient detail that the reader can reproduce what you did. Don't mix Method with Results or Discussion-they come next. This should be an easy section to write:just say what you did,succinctly.Use "we"but do so sparingly:too many "we's"sounds like a child's day out:"first we did this,then we did that.” Build up a reference list as you go.See Section 4.10 for the way to deal with references. It is one of the principles of science that a paper should contain sufficient detail to allow the work to be repeated by someone else.Provide this but no more.Keep the results for the next section. 4.6 RESULTS.Present the output of the experiments,model or computation. .Don't mix Results with Discussion.It belongs-all of it-in 4.7. This,too,should be an easy section to write.Report your results simply,without opinion or interpretation at this stage.Define all symbols and units.Present data in a form other people can use.Give emphasis in the text the most important aspects of the tables,graphs or figures. Give error-bars or confidence-limits for numerical or graphical data.Statistics should be meaningful:avoid confidence-eroding statements such as "33.3%of the samples failed:33.3% survived;the third sample was unfortunately misplaced." Aim for a concise,economical style. Poor:It is clearly shown in Figure 3 that the shear loading had caused the cell-walls to suffer ductile fracture or possibly brittle failure. Better:Shear loading fractures cell-walls (Figure 3). 4.7 DISCUSSION.Extract principles,relationships,generalizations. Present analysis,model or theory. Show relationship between the results and analysis,model or theory How to write a paper 9 MFA,16/08/11
How to write a paper 9 MFA, 16/08/11 what follows. State what you will do that has not been done before (new experimental approach? new data? new model? new interpretation?) Keep it as brief as you can whilst still doing all this. Start with a good first sentence – see Section 8 for examples. 4.5 METHOD • Experimental paper: equipment, materials, method Modeling paper: assumptions, mathematical tools, method Computational paper: inputs, computational tools, method • Explain what is especially different about your method. • Give sufficient detail that the reader can reproduce what you did. • Don’t mix Method with Results or Discussion – they come next. This should be an easy section to write: just say what you did, succinctly. Use “we” but do so sparingly: too many “we’s” sounds like a child’s day out: “first we did this, then we did that.” Build up a reference list as you go. See Section 4.10 for the way to deal with references. It is one of the principles of science that a paper should contain sufficient detail to allow the work to be repeated by someone else. Provide this but no more. Keep the results for the next section. 4.6 RESULTS • Present the output of the experiments, model or computation. • Don’t mix Results with Discussion. It belongs – all of it – in 4.7. This, too, should be an easy section to write. Report your results simply, without opinion or interpretation at this stage. Define all symbols and units. Present data in a form other people can use. Give emphasis in the text the most important aspects of the tables, graphs or figures. Give error-bars or confidence-limits for numerical or graphical data. Statistics should be meaningful; avoid confidence-eroding statements such as “33.3% of the samples failed: 33.3% survived; the third sample was unfortunately misplaced.” Aim for a concise, economical style. Poor: It is clearly shown in Figure 3 that the shear loading had caused the cell-walls to suffer ductile fracture or possibly brittle failure. Better: Shear loading fractures cell-walls (Figure 3). 4.7 DISCUSSION • Extract principles, relationships, generalizations. • Present analysis, model or theory. • Show relationship between the results and analysis, model or theory
Here you are seeking to extract principles,relationships,or generalisations from the results. Sometimes the results speak for themselves. The novel heat-treatment described in Section 2 gives steels which are 10%stronger and 20% tougher than those heat-treated in the normal way. could be all you need.Most of the research we do aims at why materials behave as they do,and this requires ideas about mechanisms,models and associated theory.The function of the Discussion is to describe the ideas,models and theories and lead the reader through a comparison of these with the experimental or computational data.Bring out the most significant conclusions first;develop subsidiary conclusions after that. Be clear and concise;a Discussion is not a license to waffle.See Appendix for examples of waffle and what to do about it. 4.8 CONCLUSION.Draw together the most important results and their consequences List any reservations or limitations. The reader scanning your paper will read the Abstract and the Conclusions,glance at the Figures and move on.Do not duplicate the Abstract as the Conclusions or vice versa.The Abstract is an overview of the entire paper.The Conclusions are a summing up of the advances in knowledge that have emerged from it.It is acceptable to present conclusions as a bullet- pointed list. 4.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.Thank people who have helped you with ideas. technical assistance,materials or finance. Keep it simple,give full names and affiliation,and don't get sentimental.A formula such as this works well: I wish to thank Prof.L.M.Brown of the Cavendish Laboratory,Cambridge,for suggesting this review,and to acknowledge my debt to the books listed below. or: The authors wish to thank Professor A.G.Evans of Harvard University for suggesting the approach developed in section 4.3:Mr A.Heaver for his technical assistence throughout the project and Mrs Jo Ladbrooke for proof-reading the manuscript.The research was supported by the EPSRC under grant number EJA S67,by the DARPA-ONR MURI program under contract number N00014-1-96-1028,and by a Research Fellowship from the National Research Council of Canada. How to write a paper 10 MFA,16/08/11
How to write a paper 10 MFA, 16/08/11 Here you are seeking to extract principles, relationships, or generalisations from the results. Sometimes the results speak for themselves. The novel heat-treatment described in Section 2 gives steels which are 10% stronger and 20% tougher than those heat-treated in the normal way. could be all you need. Most of the research we do aims at why materials behave as they do, and this requires ideas about mechanisms, models and associated theory. The function of the Discussion is to describe the ideas, models and theories and lead the reader through a comparison of these with the experimental or computational data. Bring out the most significant conclusions first; develop subsidiary conclusions after that. Be clear and concise; a Discussion is not a license to waffle. See Appendix for examples of waffle and what to do about it. 4.8 CONCLUSION • Draw together the most important results and their consequences. • List any reservations or limitations. The reader scanning your paper will read the Abstract and the Conclusions, glance at the Figures and move on. Do not duplicate the Abstract as the Conclusions or vice versa. The Abstract is an overview of the entire paper. The Conclusions are a summing up of the advances in knowledge that have emerged from it. It is acceptable to present conclusions as a bulletpointed list. 4.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Thank people who have helped you with ideas, technical assistance, materials or finance. Keep it simple, give full names and affiliation, and don’t get sentimental. A formula such as this works well: I wish to thank Prof. L.M. Brown of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, for suggesting this review, and to acknowledge my debt to the books listed below. or: The authors wish to thank Professor A. G. Evans of Harvard University for suggesting the approach developed in section 4.3; Mr A. Heaver for his technical assistence throughout the project and Mrs Jo Ladbrooke for proof-reading the manuscript. The research was supported by the EPSRC under grant number EJA S67, by the DARPA-ONR MURI program under contract number N00014-1-96-1028, and by a Research Fellowship from the National Research Council of Canada