For example An epidemic of HAv that occurred in Shanghai china in 1988 in which 300, 000 people were infected with the virus resulted from eating Contaminated shellfish(Anadara subcrenata)obtained from a polluted river
For example • An epidemic of HAV that occurred in Shanghai, China, in 1988 in which 300,000 people were infected with the virus resulted from eating Contaminated shellfish (Anadara subcrenata) obtained from a polluted river
Epidemiology of HAv infection Anti-HAV Prevalence ■High High/termed 口 Intermediate 口Low 口 Very Low
Epidemiology of HAV infection
Laboratory Diagnosis Viral particles in the stool, by electron mIcroscopy Specific IgM in serum(Elisa) RT-PCR HAV-specific sequences in stool Liver Enzymes(such as ALT)
Laboratory Diagnosis • Viral particles in the stool, by electron microscopy • Specific IgM in serum (Elisa) • RT-PCR HAV-specific sequences in stool • Liver Enzymes (such as ALT)
Treatment of hepatitis a No specific medical treatment Avoid alcohol and all medications that are metabolized in the liver Manage symptoms If the spleen is enlarged avoid activities that could lead to abdominal pressure or injury
Treatment of Hepatitis A – No specific medical treatment – Avoid alcohol and all medications that are metabolized in the liver – Manage symptoms – If the spleen is enlarged avoid activities that could lead to abdominal pressure or injury
Preventing Hepatitis a Hygiene ( e.g., hand washing) Sanitation(e.g, clean water sources) Hepatitis A vaccine(pre-exposure) Immune globulin(pre-and post-exposure)
Preventing Hepatitis A • Hygiene (e.g., hand washing) • Sanitation (e.g., clean water sources) • Hepatitis A vaccine (pre-exposure) • Immune globulin (pre- and post-exposure)