A23.3-04 o Canadian Standards association Bonded tendon - a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting Boundary elements- portions of a wall, typically at the ends, that are reinforced by vertical reinforcement and can contain transverse reinforcement. Boundary elements do not necessarily require an increase in wall thickness Buckling prevention ties- ties that meet the requirements of Clause 21.6.6.9 and are intended to prevent buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement under reverse cyclic loading Collector-an element that serves to transfer forces within a structural diaphragm to members of the seismic force resisting system Column -a member that has a ratio of height to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater and is used primarily to support axial compressive load Column capital-an enlargement of the column adjacent to the underside of a slab to improve the shear strength of the slab Note: The dimensions G, and cz and the clear span ln are based on an effective support area defined by the intersection of the bottom surface of the slab, or of the drop panel if there is one, with the largest right circular cone, right pyramid, or tapered wedge whose surfaces are located within the column and capital or bracket and are oriented not more than 45 to the axis of the column Column strip-that portion of the design strip with a width on each side of a column centreline equal to 0. 25l2 or 0.25C1, whichever is less. The column strip includes beams, if any Composite concrete flexural members- concrete flexural members of precast or cast- in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate placements but interconnected so that all elements espond to loads as a unit Concrete Plain concrete-concrete that contains no reinforcing or prestressing steel or less reinforcing or prestressing steel than the specified minimum for reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete- concrete that is reinforced with not less than the minimum amount of reinforcement required by Clauses 7 to 21 and 23 and is designed on the assumption that the two materials act together in resisting 20 MPa and an air-dry density not exceeding 1850 kg/m day compressive strength not less than Structural low-density concrete-concrete having a 28 Structural semi-low-density concrete-concrete having a 28 day compressive strength not less than 20 MPa and an air-dry density between 1850 and 2150 kg/m Concrete cover- the distance from the concrete surface to the nearest surface of reinforcement o prestressing tendon Confinement ties- ties that meet the requirements of Clauses 21 4.4.2 to 21. 4.4.4 and are intended to provide confinement to the enclosed concrete Connection-a region that joins two or more members, of which one or more is precast Ductile connection-a connection that experiences yielding as a result of the design displacemen December 2004
A23.3-04 © Canadian Standards Association 4 December 2004 Bonded tendon — a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting. Boundary elements — portions of a wall, typically at the ends, that are reinforced by vertical reinforcement and can contain transverse reinforcement. Boundary elements do not necessarily require an increase in wall thickness. Buckling prevention ties — ties that meet the requirements of Clause 21.6.6.9 and are intended to prevent buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement under reverse cyclic loading. Collector — an element that serves to transfer forces within a structural diaphragm to members of the seismic force resisting system. Column — a member that has a ratio of height to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater and is used primarily to support axial compressive load. Column capital — an enlargement of the column adjacent to the underside of a slab to improve the shear strength of the slab. Note: The dimensions c1 and c2 and the clear span An are based on an effective support area defined by the intersection of the bottom surface of the slab, or of the drop panel if there is one, with the largest right circular cone, right pyramid, or tapered wedge whose surfaces are located within the column and capital or bracket and are oriented not more than 45° to the axis of the column. Column strip — that portion of the design strip with a width on each side of a column centreline equal to 0.25A2 or 0.25A1, whichever is less. The column strip includes beams, if any. Composite concrete flexural members — concrete flexural members of precast or cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate placements but interconnected so that all elements respond to loads as a unit. Concrete — Plain concrete — concrete that contains no reinforcing or prestressing steel or less reinforcing or prestressing steel than the specified minimum for reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete — concrete that is reinforced with not less than the minimum amount of reinforcement required by Clauses 7 to 21 and 23 and is designed on the assumption that the two materials act together in resisting forces. Structural low-density concrete — concrete having a 28 day compressive strength not less than 20 MPa and an air-dry density not exceeding 1850 kg/m3 . Structural semi-low-density concrete — concrete having a 28 day compressive strength not less than 20 MPa and an air-dry density between 1850 and 2150 kg/m3 . Concrete cover — the distance from the concrete surface to the nearest surface of reinforcement or prestressing tendon. Confinement ties — ties that meet the requirements of Clauses 21.4.4.2 to 21.4.4.4 and are intended to provide confinement to the enclosed concrete. Connection — a region that joins two or more members, of which one or more is precast. Ductile connection — a connection that experiences yielding as a result of the design displacement
Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures Strong connection-a connection that remains elastic while adjoining members experience ielding as a result of the design displacemen Core-that part of the member cross-section confined by the perimeter of the transverse reinforcement measured from out-to-out of the transverse reinforcement Cover-see Concrete cover Critical section-a section where a plastic hinge can start to form under earthquake loading Crosstie -a reinforcing bar that passes through the core and is anchored around reinforcing bars on opposite sides of a member Curvature friction- friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile Deep foundation -a structural element that transfers loads from the superstructure to the deeper earing soil or rock strata by end bearing friction, or both. Examples of deep foundations include drive piles, drilled cast-in-place piles, and slurry walls Deformed reinforcement- deformed reinforcing bars, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric, and welded deformed wire fabric complying with Clause 3. 1.3. Design cross-section -the representative panel cross-section at the maximum moment and deflection locations of the panel for which the design forces and deflections are determined and from which the resistance and stiffness are calculated Design displacement -the total lateral displacement expected for the design basis earthquake calculated in accordance with Clause 4.1.8 of the National Building Code of Canada Designer- the person responsible for the design Design strip- the portion of a slab system that includes beams and supports along a column line and is bound by the centreline of the panels on each side Design width-the width of a tilt-up panel to be reinforced to withstand the factored loads tributary to Development length- the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement. Development length for a bar with a standard hook in tension -the length measured from the critical section to the outside end of the hook(the straight embedment length between the critical section and the start of the hook [point of tangency] plus the radius of the bend and one bar diameter). Drilled pile-a pile cast-in-place in a pre-drilled hole Driven pile- a reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, structural steel, timber, or composite pile driven into the ground Drop panel- thickening of the slab in the area adjacent to a column for deflection control, extra shear strength, or extra flexural depth December 2004
© Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures December 2004 5 Strong connection — a connection that remains elastic while adjoining members experience yielding as a result of the design displacement. Core — that part of the member cross-section confined by the perimeter of the transverse reinforcement measured from out-to-out of the transverse reinforcement. Cover — see Concrete cover. Critical section — a section where a plastic hinge can start to form under earthquake loading. Crosstie — a reinforcing bar that passes through the core and is anchored around reinforcing bars on opposite sides of a member. Curvature friction — friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile. Deep foundation — a structural element that transfers loads from the superstructure to the deeper bearing soil or rock strata by end bearing, friction, or both. Examples of deep foundations include driven piles, drilled cast-in-place piles, and slurry walls. Deformed reinforcement — deformed reinforcing bars, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric, and welded deformed wire fabric complying with Clause 3.1.3. Design cross-section — the representative panel cross-section at the maximum moment and deflection locations of the panel for which the design forces and deflections are determined and from which the resistance and stiffness are calculated. Design displacement — the total lateral displacement expected for the design basis earthquake calculated in accordance with Clause 4.1.8 of the National Building Code of Canada. Designer — the person responsible for the design. Design strip — the portion of a slab system that includes beams and supports along a column line and is bound by the centreline of the panels on each side. Design width — the width of a tilt-up panel to be reinforced to withstand the factored loads tributary to it. Development length — the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement. Development length for a bar with a standard hook in tension — the length measured from the critical section to the outside end of the hook (the straight embedment length between the critical section and the start of the hook [point of tangency] plus the radius of the bend and one bar diameter). Drilled pile — a pile cast-in-place in a pre-drilled hole. Driven pile — a reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, structural steel, timber, or composite pile driven into the ground. Drop panel — thickening of the slab in the area adjacent to a column for deflection control, extra shear strength, or extra flexural depth
A23.3-04 e Canadian standards association Ductile coupled shear wall-a shear wall system that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.6 and has ductile shear walls connected by ductile coupling beam(s)where at least 66% of the base overturning moment resisted by the wall system is carried by axial tension and compression forces resulting from shear in the coupling beam(s). This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Ra, of 4.0 in the National Building Code of Canada Ductile coupling beam-a coupling beam that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.6.8 and is designed to dissipate energy Ductile moment-resisting frame- a moment-resisting frame that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.5, resists seismic forces, and dissipates energy through beam flexural yielding. This structural ystem qualifies for a force modification factor Rd, of 4.0 in the National Building Code of canada Ductile partially coupled shear wall-a shear wall system that complies with Clauses 21. 2 and 21.6 and has ductile shear walls connected by ductile coupling beam(s)where less than 66% of the base overturning moment resisted by the wall system is carried by axial tension and compression forces resulting from shears in the coupling beam(s). This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd, of 3.5 in the National Building Code of Canada. Ductile shear wall-a shear wall that complies with Clauses 21. 2, 21.6.1 to 21.6.7, and 21.6.9, resists seismic forces, and dissipates energy through flexural yielding at a plastic hinge. This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor Ra, of 3. 5 in the National Building Code of canada Effective depth of section- the distance measured from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of the tension reinforcement Effective prestress - the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred Elastic analysis -an analysis of deformations and internal forces based on equilibrium, compatibility of strains, and assumed elastic behaviour. Embedment length- the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section. Experimental analysis- an analysis based on measuring deformations and strains of a structure or its model. It is based on either elastic or inelastic behaviour. Factored load effect- the effect of factored load combinations specified in Clause 8.3(including earthquake load effects determined in accordance with Clause 4.1.8 of the National Building Code of Canada) Flat plate- a flat slab without drop panels Folded plate- a special class of shell structures formed by joining flat, thin slabs along their edges to create a three-dimensional spatial structure. Footing-a shallow structural element that transfers loads from the superstructure to the bearing strata (soil or rock) Headed bar-a bar with a welded or forged head at one or both ends, with the head dimensioned to e capable of developing the nominal tensile strength of the reinforcing bar at the head-bar interface ithout failure of the head or crushing failure of the concrete under the head Helical tie contin wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix enclosing longitudinal reinforceme December 2004
A23.3-04 © Canadian Standards Association 6 December 2004 Ductile coupled shear wall — a shear wall system that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.6 and has ductile shear walls connected by ductile coupling beam(s) where at least 66% of the base overturning moment resisted by the wall system is carried by axial tension and compression forces resulting from shear in the coupling beam(s). This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd, of 4.0 in the National Building Code of Canada. Ductile coupling beam — a coupling beam that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.6.8 and is designed to dissipate energy. Ductile moment-resisting frame — a moment-resisting frame that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.5, resists seismic forces, and dissipates energy through beam flexural yielding. This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd, of 4.0 in the National Building Code of Canada. Ductile partially coupled shear wall — a shear wall system that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.6 and has ductile shear walls connected by ductile coupling beam(s) where less than 66% of the base overturning moment resisted by the wall system is carried by axial tension and compression forces resulting from shears in the coupling beam(s). This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd, of 3.5 in the National Building Code of Canada. Ductile shear wall — a shear wall that complies with Clauses 21.2, 21.6.1 to 21.6.7, and 21.6.9, resists seismic forces, and dissipates energy through flexural yielding at a plastic hinge. This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd, of 3.5 in the National Building Code of Canada. Effective depth of section — the distance measured from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of the tension reinforcement. Effective prestress — the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred. Elastic analysis — an analysis of deformations and internal forces based on equilibrium, compatibility of strains, and assumed elastic behaviour. Embedment length — the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section. Experimental analysis — an analysis based on measuring deformations and strains of a structure or its model. It is based on either elastic or inelastic behaviour. Factored load effect — the effect of factored load combinations specified in Clause 8.3 (including earthquake load effects determined in accordance with Clause 4.1.8 of the National Building Code of Canada). Flat plate — a flat slab without drop panels. Folded plate — a special class of shell structures formed by joining flat, thin slabs along their edges to create a three-dimensional spatial structure. Footing — a shallow structural element that transfers loads from the superstructure to the bearing strata (soil or rock). Headed bar — a bar with a welded or forged head at one or both ends, with the head dimensioned to be capable of developing the nominal tensile strength of the reinforcing bar at the head-bar interface without failure of the head or crushing failure of the concrete under the head. Helical tie — a continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures Hoop-a closed tie or continuously wound tie. a closed tie can be made up of several reinforcing elements with seismic hooks at each end. a continuously wound tie should also have seismic hooks at each end Jacking force - a temporary force exerted by the device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons Lifting stresses- stresses in a tilt-up panel during lifting Limit states- those conditions of a structure at which it ceases to fulfill the function for which it was Load Dead load -a specified dead load as defined in the National Building Code of Canada Factored load-the product of a specified load and its load factor Live load-a specified live load as defined in the National Building Code of Canada. Specified load- a load specified by the National Building Code of Canada without load factors Sustained load-the specified dead load plus that portion of the specified live load expected to act over a period of time sufficient to cause significant long-term deflection Load factor- a factor applied to a specified load that, for the limit state under consideration, takes into account the variability of the loads and load patterns and analysis of their effects Low-density aggregate- aggregate that complies with ASTM C 330 Middle strip- that portion of the design strip bounded by two column strips Moderately ductile moment-resisting frame- a moment-resisting frame that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.7.2, that resists seismic forces, and that dissipates energy through beam flexural yielding. This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd, of 2.5 in the National Building Code of canade Moderately ductile shear wall-a shear wall that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.7.3, that resists seismic forces, and that dissipates energy through flexural yielding at a plastic hinge or through one of the two mechanisms specified in Clause 21.7.4.2. This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd, of 2.0 in the National Building Code of Canada Modulus of rupture of concrete- the flexural strength of concrete determined using the third-point loading test method specified in CSA A23.2 Moment-resisting frame-a frame in which columns, beams, and joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and compression Panel- a slab area bounded by column, beam, or wall centrelines on all sides Partial prestressing- prestressing such that the calculated tensile stresses under specified loads exceed the limits specified in Clause 18.3.2(c) Pedestal- an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to least lateral dimension of less than 3 December 2004
© Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures December 2004 7 Hoop — a closed tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several reinforcing elements with seismic hooks at each end. A continuously wound tie should also have seismic hooks at each end. Jacking force — a temporary force exerted by the device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons. Lifting stresses — stresses in a tilt-up panel during lifting. Limit states — those conditions of a structure at which it ceases to fulfill the function for which it was designed. Load — Dead load — a specified dead load as defined in the National Building Code of Canada. Factored load — the product of a specified load and its load factor. Live load — a specified live load as defined in the National Building Code of Canada. Specified load — a load specified by the National Building Code of Canada without load factors. Sustained load — the specified dead load plus that portion of the specified live load expected to act over a period of time sufficient to cause significant long-term deflection. Load factor — a factor applied to a specified load that, for the limit state under consideration, takes into account the variability of the loads and load patterns and analysis of their effects. Low-density aggregate — aggregate that complies with ASTM C 330. Middle strip — that portion of the design strip bounded by two column strips. Moderately ductile moment-resisting frame — a moment-resisting frame that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.7.2, that resists seismic forces, and that dissipates energy through beam flexural yielding. This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd , of 2.5 in the National Building Code of Canada. Moderately ductile shear wall — a shear wall that complies with Clauses 21.2 and 21.7.3, that resists seismic forces, and that dissipates energy through flexural yielding at a plastic hinge or through one of the two mechanisms specified in Clause 21.7.4.2. This structural system qualifies for a force modification factor, Rd , of 2.0 in the National Building Code of Canada. Modulus of rupture of concrete — the flexural strength of concrete determined using the third-point loading test method specified in CSA A23.2. Moment-resisting frame — a frame in which columns, beams, and joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and compression. Panel — a slab area bounded by column, beam, or wall centrelines on all sides. Partial prestressing — prestressing such that the calculated tensile stresses under specified loads exceed the limits specified in Clause 18.3.2(c). Pedestal — an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to least lateral dimension of less than 3
A23.3-04 e Canadian standards association Pile-an elongated structural element drilled or driven into the ground for supporting loads by end bearing, friction, or both Pile cap-a reinforced concrete element connected to the top of a pile or pile group that transfers loads from the superstructure to the pile or pile group. Pile casing -a steel tube or liner used for pre-drilled cast-in-place concrete pile construction Pile shaft -that portion of the pile from the pile toe to the pile top, excluding any bell or cap Pile toe-the bottom of the pile. Plain reinforcement- reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement Plastic hinge- a region of a member where inelastic flexural curvatures occur Post-tensioning - a method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened Precast concrete- concrete elements cast in a location other than their final position in service Prestressed concrete - concrete in which internal stresses have been initially introduced so that the subsequent stresses resulting from dead load and superimposed loads are counteracted to a desired degree. This can be accomplished by post-tensioning or pretensioning Pretensioning-a method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed Probable moment resistance- the moment resistance of a section calculated using axial loads Ps and Ppr where applicable; 1. 25fy as the stress in the tension reinforcing; and the specified values of e, with c and s taken as 1.0 Regular two-way slab system-a slab system consisting of approximately rectangular panels and supporting primarily uniform gravity loading. Such systems meet the following geometric limitations: (a)within a panel, the ratio of longer to shorter span, centre-to-centre of supports, is not greater than (b) for slab systems with beams between supports, the relative effective stiffness of beams in the two directions(a,l22/(a2l,')is not less than 0.2 or greater than 5.0 (c) column offsets are not greater than 20% of the span(in the direction of offset) from either axis between centrelines of successive columns; and (d)the reinforcement is placed in an orthogonal grid Reinforcement- non-prestressed steel that complies with Clauses 3.1.2 and 3. 1.3 Resistance Factored resistance-the resistance of a member connection or cross-section calculated in accordance with this Standard, including the application of appropriate resistance factors Nominal resistance- the resistance of a member connection or cross-section calculated in accordance with this Standard, without including resistance factors December 2004
A23.3-04 © Canadian Standards Association 8 December 2004 Pile — an elongated structural element drilled or driven into the ground for supporting loads by end bearing, friction, or both. Pile cap — a reinforced concrete element connected to the top of a pile or pile group that transfers loads from the superstructure to the pile or pile group. Pile casing — a steel tube or liner used for pre-drilled cast-in-place concrete pile construction. Pile shaft — that portion of the pile from the pile toe to the pile top, excluding any bell or cap. Pile toe — the bottom of the pile. Plain reinforcement — reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement. Plastic hinge — a region of a member where inelastic flexural curvatures occur. Post-tensioning — a method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Precast concrete — concrete elements cast in a location other than their final position in service. Prestressed concrete — concrete in which internal stresses have been initially introduced so that the subsequent stresses resulting from dead load and superimposed loads are counteracted to a desired degree. This can be accomplished by post-tensioning or pretensioning. Pretensioning — a method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. Probable moment resistance — the moment resistance of a section calculated using axial loads Ps and Pp, where applicable; 1.25fy as the stress in the tension reinforcing; and the specified values of fc ’ , with φc and φ s taken as 1.0. Regular two-way slab system — a slab system consisting of approximately rectangular panels and supporting primarily uniform gravity loading. Such systems meet the following geometric limitations: (a) within a panel, the ratio of longer to shorter span, centre-to-centre of supports, is not greater than 2.0; (b) for slab systems with beams between supports, the relative effective stiffness of beams in the two directions (α 1A2 2)/(α 2A1 2 ) is not less than 0.2 or greater than 5.0; (c) column offsets are not greater than 20% of the span (in the direction of offset) from either axis between centrelines of successive columns; and (d) the reinforcement is placed in an orthogonal grid. Reinforcement — non-prestressed steel that complies with Clauses 3.1.2 and 3.1.3. Resistance — Factored resistance — the resistance of a member, connection, or cross-section calculated in accordance with this Standard, including the application of appropriate resistance factors. Nominal resistance — the resistance of a member, connection, or cross-section calculated in accordance with this Standard, without including resistance factors