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《混凝土结构原理与设计》国内外规范：ACI318M-05 美国规范 Building Code Requirement For Structural Concrete

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James K. Wight Chair Basile G. Rabbat Secretary Sergio M. Alcocer Luis E. Garcia Dominic J. Kelly Myles A. Murray Florian G. Barth S. K. Ghosh Gary J. Klein Julio A. Ramirez Roger J. Becker Lawrence G. Griffis Ronald Klemencic Thomas C. Schaeffer Kenneth B. Bondy David P. Gustafson Cary S. Kopczynski Stephen J. Seguirant John E. Breen D. Kirk Harman H. S. Lew Roberto Stark James R. Cagley James R. Harris Colin L. Lobo Eric M. Tolles Michael P. Collins Neil M. Hawkins Leslie D. Martin† Thomas D. Verti W. Gene Corley Terence C. Holland Robert F. Mast Sharon L. Wood Charles W. Dolan Kenneth C. Hover Steven L. McCabe Loring A. Wyllie Anthony E. Fiorato Phillip J. Iverson W. Calvin McCall Fernando V. Yanez Catherine E. French James O. Jirsa Jack P. Moehle Subcommittee Members Neal S. Anderson Juan P. Covarrubias Michael E. Kreger Vilas S. Mujumdar Guillermo Santana Mark A. Aschheim Robert J. Frosch Daniel A. Kuchma Suzanne D. Nakaki Andrew Scanlon John F. Bonacci Harry A. Gleich LeRoy A. Lutz Theodore L. Neff John F. Stanton JoAnn P. Browning Javier F. Horvilleur† James G. MacGregor Andrzej S. Nowak Fernando R. Stucchi Nicholas J. Carino R. Doug Hooton Joe Maffei Randall W. Poston Raj Valluvan Ned M. Cleland L. S. Paul Johal Denis Mitchell Bruce W. Russell John W. Wallace Ronald A. Cook Consulting Members C. Raymond Hays Richard C. Meininger Charles G. Salmon BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318M-05) ACI Committee 318 Structural Building Code †Deceased ACI 318M-05 is a complete metric companion to ACI 318-05. ACI 318-05 is deemed to satisfy ISO 19338, “Performance and Assessment Requirements for Design Standards on Structural Concrete,” Reference Number ISO 19338.2003(E). Also Technical Corrigendum 1: 2004. Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE AND COMMENTARY(ACI 318M-05) PREFACE The code portion of this document covers the design and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and here applicable in nonbuilding structures. Among the subjects covered are: drawings and specifications; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforce- ment; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; special provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength-reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D. The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate astM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate aNsIawS standard Uses of the code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner The code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language Therefore back ground details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the code portion cannot be included. The commentary is provided for this purpose Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the code portion are discussed within the commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the code are also cited Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; anchorage(structural); beam-column frame; beams(supports); building codes; cold weather construction: col nns(supports); combined stress; composite construction(concrete and steel); composite construction(concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete ction joints; continuity(structural); contraction joints; cover; curing: deep beams; deflections; drawings; earth quake resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork(construction); frames; hot weather inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions): joists; lightweight concretes; loads(forces); load tests(structural); materials; mixing: mix proportioning: modulus icity: moments; pipe columns; pipes(tubing): placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; rein orced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shearwalls; shells(structural forms); spans; specifications; splicing; strength; strength nalysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire reinforcement. ACI318M-05 was adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Insti- any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall not tute October 27, 2004 to supersede ACI 318M-02 in accordance with the be made in contract documents. If items found in this Commentary ar Institutes standardization procedure. ACI 318M-05 is a complete metric desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they companion to ACI 318-0 shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/ ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries Engineer. are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting Copyright o 2005, American Concrete Institute ary is intended for the use of individuals w All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and or by any means, including the making of copies by any phe recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of by any electronic or mechanical device, printed al, recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for copyright proprietors licene with Acl oduction of networking permitted without loene from H ACl 318 Building CLicenseewBlack Veatc5910842100ary

INTRODUCTION 318/318R-1 ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary PREFACE The code portion of this document covers the design and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding structures. Among the subjects covered are: drawings and specifications; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; special provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength-reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D. The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate ANSI/AWS standard. Uses of the code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the code portion cannot be included. The commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the code portion are discussed within the commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the code are also cited. Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; cold weather construction; columns (supports); combined stress; composite construction (concrete and steel); composite construction (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete construction; concretes; concrete slabs; construction joints; continuity (structural); contraction joints; cover; curing; deep beams; deflections; drawings; earthquake resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork (construction); frames; hot weather construction; inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; loads (forces); load tests (structural); materials; mixing; mix proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; pipe columns; pipes (tubing); placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shearwalls; shells (structural forms); spans; specifications; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire reinforcement. ACI 318M-05 was adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Institute October 27, 2004 to supersede ACI 318M-02 in accordance with the Institute’s standardization procedure. ACI 318M-05 is a complete metric companion to ACI 318-05. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This Commentary is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this Commentary are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/ Engineer. Copyright © 2005, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318M-05) Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................... 9 1.1—Scope.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2—Drawings and specifications ......................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3—Inspection ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.4—Approval of special systems of design or construction ................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................... 19 2.1—Notation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19 2.2—Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS ................................................................................................................... 37 3.1—Tests of materials.......................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.2—Cements ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.3—Aggregates ................................................................................................................................................................... 38 3.4—Water ............................................................................................................................................................................ 38 3.5—Steel reinforcement....................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.6—Admixtures.................................................................................................................................................................... 43 3.7—Storage of materials...................................................................................................................................................... 45 3.8—Referenced standards................................................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4—DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................... 51 4.1—Water-cementitious material ratio ................................................................................................................................. 51 4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures .................................................................................................................................. 52 4.3—Sulfate exposures ......................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.4—Corrosion protection of reinforcement........................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 5—CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING.......................................................... 57 5.1—General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 57 5.2—Selection of concrete proportions ................................................................................................................................. 58 5.3—Proportioning on the basis of field experience or trial mixtures, or both................................................................................... 58 5.4—Proportioning without field experience or trial mixtures............................................................................................................. 63 5.5—Average strength reduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 5.6—Evaluation and acceptance of concrete..................................................................................................................................... 64 5.7—Preparation of equipment and place of deposit......................................................................................................................... 68 5.8—Mixing ........................................................................................................................................................................... 69 5.9—Conveying ..................................................................................................................................................................... 69 5.10—Depositing................................................................................................................................................................... 70 5.11—Curing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 71 5.12—Cold weather requirements......................................................................................................................................... 72 5.13—Hot weather requirements .......................................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 6—FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS.......................... 73 6.1—Design of formwork....................................................................................................................................................... 73 6.2—Removal of forms, shores, and reshoring ..................................................................................................................... 73 6.3—Conduits and pipes embedded in concrete .................................................................................................................. 75 6.4—Construction joints ........................................................................................................................................................ 76 CHAPTER 7—DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT .................................................................................. 79 7.1—Standard hooks............................................................................................................................................................. 79 7.2—Minimum bend diameters ............................................................................................................................................. 79 7.3—Bending......................................................................................................................................................................... 80 7.4—Surface conditions of reinforcement ............................................................................................................................. 81 7.5—Placing reinforcement ................................................................................................................................................... 81 7.6—Spacing limits for reinforcement ................................................................................................................................... 82 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

TABLE OF CONTENTS 7. 7-Concrete protection for reinforcemer 7.8-Special reinforcement details for columns 7.9---Connections 7. 10-Lateral reinforcement for compression members 678 7.11-Lateral reinforcement for flexural members 7. 12-Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement 7. 13-Requirements for structural integrity CHAPTER 8-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN-GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 95 81— design methods 8. 2-Loading 8.3-Methods of analysis 8. 4-Redistribution of negative moments in continuous flexural members 8. 5-Modulus of elasticity 8.6--Stiffness 68990 8.7-Span length 8. 8---Columns 8.9-Arrangement of live load 100 8.10-T-beam construction 8. 1 1-oist constructio 8. 12-Separate floor finish CHAPTER 9-STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS 105 9.1— General 9.2-Required strength 9.3-Design strength 107 9. 4Design strength for reinforcement 10 9.5--Control of deflections 111 CHAPTER 10--FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS.wmm 119 10. 1-Scope 119 10.3-General principles and requirements 10.4-Distance between lateral supports of flexural members 10.5--Minimum reinforcement of flexural members 124 10.6-Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs 10.7-Deep beams 10.8--Design dimensions for compression members 10.9-Limits for reinforcement of compression members 10.10-Slenderness effects in compression members 10.11-Magnified moments-Genera 131 10. 12-Magnified moments-Nonsway frames 133 10. 13-Magnified moments-Sway frames 137 10. 14-Axially loaded members supporting slab system 140 10. 15--Transmission of column loads through floor system 10. 16--Composite compression members 10.17-Bearing strength 144 CHAPTER 11-SHEAR AND TORSION 147 11.1-Shear strength 11.2-Lightweight concrete 11.3-Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members 11. 4-Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members 11.5-Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement.. 156 11.6-Design for torsion 11.7— Shear- friction 11.8-Deep beams 11.9-Special provisions for brackets and corbels 11.10-Special provisions for walls 11.11-Transfer of moments to columns licene with Acl oduction of networking permitted without loene from H ACl 318 Building C Not for Resak. 11 1820415MST

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary 7.7—Concrete protection for reinforcement .......................................................................................................................... 84 7.8—Special reinforcement details for columns .................................................................................................................... 86 7.9—Connections .................................................................................................................................................................. 87 7.10—Lateral reinforcement for compression members ....................................................................................................... 88 7.11—Lateral reinforcement for flexural members ................................................................................................................ 90 7.12—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement ................................................................................................................. 90 7.13—Requirements for structural integrity ........................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 8—ANALYSIS AND DESIGN—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................ 95 8.1—Design methods ............................................................................................................................................................ 95 8.2—Loading ......................................................................................................................................................................... 95 8.3—Methods of analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 96 8.4—Redistribution of negative moments in continuous flexural members........................................................................... 98 8.5—Modulus of elasticity...................................................................................................................................................... 99 8.6—Stiffness ........................................................................................................................................................................ 99 8.7—Span length................................................................................................................................................................. 100 8.8—Columns...................................................................................................................................................................... 100 8.9—Arrangement of live load ............................................................................................................................................. 100 8.10—T-beam construction ................................................................................................................................................. 101 8.11—Joist construction ...................................................................................................................................................... 102 8.12—Separate floor finish .................................................................................................................................................. 103 CHAPTER 9—STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS............................................. 105 9.1—General ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105 9.2—Required strength ....................................................................................................................................................... 105 9.3—Design strength........................................................................................................................................................... 107 9.4—Design strength for reinforcement............................................................................................................................... 110 9.5—Control of deflections .................................................................................................................................................. 111 CHAPTER 10—FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS................................................................................. 119 10.1—Scope........................................................................................................................................................................ 119 10.2—Design assumptions.................................................................................................................................................. 119 10.3—General principles and requirements ........................................................................................................................ 121 10.4—Distance between lateral supports of flexural members...................................................................................... 124 10.5—Minimum reinforcement of flexural members............................................................................................................ 124 10.6—Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs.......................................................................... 125 10.7—Deep beams.............................................................................................................................................................. 127 10.8—Design dimensions for compression members ......................................................................................................... 128 10.9—Limits for reinforcement of compression members ..................................................................................................... 128 10.10—Slenderness effects in compression members ....................................................................................................... 130 10.11—Magnified moments—General ................................................................................................................................ 131 10.12—Magnified moments—Nonsway frames .................................................................................................................. 133 10.13—Magnified moments—Sway frames ........................................................................................................................ 137 10.14—Axially loaded members supporting slab system .................................................................................................... 140 10.15—Transmission of column loads through floor system............................................................................................... 141 10.16—Composite compression members ......................................................................................................................... 142 10.17—Bearing strength...................................................................................................................................................... 144 CHAPTER 11—SHEAR AND TORSION............................................................................................. 147 11.1—Shear strength .......................................................................................................................................................... 147 11.2—Lightweight concrete ................................................................................................................................................. 150 11.3—Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members............................................................151 11.4—Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members .................................................................153 11.5—Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement...................................................................................................... 156 11.6—Design for torsion...................................................................................................................................................... 160 11.7—Shear-friction............................................................................................................................................................. 171 11.8—Deep beams.............................................................................................................................................................. 175 11.9—Special provisions for brackets and corbels.............................................................................................................. 176 11.10—Special provisions for walls..................................................................................................................................... 179 11.11—Transfer of moments to columns ............................................................................................................................ 181 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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