Canadian Standards Association gn of concrete structures 11.5.6 Anchorage of shear friction reinforcement 65 pecial provisions for brackets and corbels 66 11.7 Shear in joints 66 12 Development and splices of reinforcement 66 12.1 Development of reinforcement- General 66 Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension 67 12.2.1 Minimum development length 67 12.2.2 General development length equation 67 12.2.3 Simplified development length equations 67 12.2.4 Modification factors 67 12.2.5 Excess reinforcement 68 12.3 Development of deformed bars in compression 68 12.3.1 Development length 68 12.3.2 Basic development length 68 12.3.3 Modification factors 12.4 Development of bundled bars 68 12.5 Development of standard hooks in tension 68 12.5.1 Tension development length 68 12.5.2 Basic development length 69 12.5.3 Factors modifying hook development length 69 12.5.4 Confinement of hooks 69 12.5.5 Development of bars in compression 69 12.6 Mechanical anchorage 69 12.7 Development of welded deformed wire fabric in tension 70 12.8 Development of welded smooth wire fabric in tension 70 12.9 Development of pretensioned strand 70 12.10 Development of flexural reinforcement- General 71 Development of positive moment reinforcement 71 12.12 Development of negative moment reinforcement 72 12.13 Anchorage of shear reinforcement 72 12.14 Splices of reinforcement-General 73 12.14.1 Limitations on use 73 12. 14.2 Lap splices 73 12.14.3 Welded splices and mechanical connections 73 12.15 plices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension 74 12.16 Splices of deformed bars in compression 74 12.16.1 Minimum lap length 74 12.16.2 Lap length for bars of different sizes 74 12.16.3 Welded splices or mechanical connections 74 12.16.4 End-bearing splices 75 12.17 cial splice requirements for columns 75 12.17.1 Genera75 12.17.2 Reinforcement 75 12.17.3 Lap splices in columns 75 12.17. 4 Welded splices or mechanical connections in columns 76 12. 17.5 End-bearing splices in columns 76 12.18 Splices of welded deformed wire fabric in tension 76 12.19 Splices of welded smooth wire fabric in tension 76 13 Two-way slab systems 77 General 13.2 Minimum slab thickness 77 13.2.1 General 77 December 2004
© Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures December 2004 vii 11.5.6 Anchorage of shear friction reinforcement 65 11.6 Special provisions for brackets and corbels 66 11.7 Shear in joints 66 12 Development and splices of reinforcement 66 12.1 Development of reinforcement — General 66 12.2 Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension 67 12.2.1 Minimum development length 67 12.2.2 General development length equation 67 12.2.3 Simplified development length equations 67 12.2.4 Modification factors 67 12.2.5 Excess reinforcement 68 12.3 Development of deformed bars in compression 68 12.3.1 Development length 68 12.3.2 Basic development length 68 12.3.3 Modification factors 68 12.4 Development of bundled bars 68 12.5 Development of standard hooks in tension 68 12.5.1 Tension development length 68 12.5.2 Basic development length 69 12.5.3 Factors modifying hook development length 69 12.5.4 Confinement of hooks 69 12.5.5 Development of bars in compression 69 12.6 Mechanical anchorage 69 12.7 Development of welded deformed wire fabric in tension 70 12.8 Development of welded smooth wire fabric in tension 70 12.9 Development of pretensioned strand 70 12.10 Development of flexural reinforcement — General 71 12.11 Development of positive moment reinforcement 71 12.12 Development of negative moment reinforcement 72 12.13 Anchorage of shear reinforcement 72 12.14 Splices of reinforcement — General 73 12.14.1 Limitations on use 73 12.14.2 Lap splices 73 12.14.3 Welded splices and mechanical connections 73 12.15 Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension 74 12.16 Splices of deformed bars in compression 74 12.16.1 Minimum lap length 74 12.16.2 Lap length for bars of different sizes 74 12.16.3 Welded splices or mechanical connections 74 12.16.4 End-bearing splices 75 12.17 Special splice requirements for columns 75 12.17.1 General 75 12.17.2 Reinforcement 75 12.17.3 Lap splices in columns 75 12.17.4 Welded splices or mechanical connections in columns 76 12.17.5 End-bearing splices in columns 76 12.18 Splices of welded deformed wire fabric in tension 76 12.19 Splices of welded smooth wire fabric in tension 76 13 Two-way slab systems 77 13.1 General 77 13.2 Minimum slab thickness 77 13.2.1 General 77
A23.3-04 rds Association 13.2.2 Two-way slab systems 77 13.2.4 Slabs with drop panels 77 13.2.5 labs with beams between all supports 78 13.2.6 Slab bands 78 13.2.7 Computation of slab deflections 78 Design procedures for shear for slabs without beams 133.1 General 78 13.3.2 One-way and two-way shear 13.3.3 Critical shear section for two-way action 78 13.3. 4 Maximum shear stress resistance without shear reinforcement 79 13.3.5 Factored shear stress 79 13.3.6 One-way shear 80 13.3.7 Shear reinforcement for slabs without beams 81 13.38 Headed shear reinforcement 81 13.3.9 Stirrup reinforcement 82 13.4 Shear in slab systems with beams 82 13.5 Design procedures for flexure 83 13.6 Elastic plate theory 83 13.7 Theorems of plasticity 84 13.8 lab systems as elastic frames 85 13.8.1 Definition of frame geometry 85 13.8.2 Non-prismatic modelling of member stiffness 85 13.8.3 Prismatic modelling of member stiffness 86 13.8.4 Arrangement of live load 87 13.85 Critical sections 87 13.9 Direct design method 88 13.9.1 Limitations 88 13.9.2 Total factored static moment for a span 88 13.9.3 Negative and positive factored moments 89 139.4 Unbalanced factored moments in columns and walls 89 139.5 Selection of reinforcement 89 13.10 Slab reinforcement 90 13.10.1 Genera90 13.10.2 Shear and moment transfer 90 13.10.3 Exterior columns 90 13. 10.5 Anchorage 90 13.10.6 Structural integrity reinforcement 91 13.10.7 Effective depth at drop panels 91 13.10.8 Curtailment of reinforcement 91 13.10.9 Top reinforcement at slab edges 93 13.10.10 Openings 93 13.11 Lateral distribution of moments for slabs without interior beams 93 13.11.1 Genera93 13.11.2 Factored moments in column 13.11.3 Factored moments in middle 35 Reinforcement for slabs with beams between all supports 95 13.12.1 Genera95 13.12.2 Factored moments in beams 95 13. 12.3 Slab reinforcement for positive moment 95 13. 12.4 Slab reinforcement for negative moment 95 13.12.5 Corner reinforcement 96 December 2004
A23.3-04 © Canadian Standards Association viii December 2004 13.2.2 Two-way slab systems 77 13.2.3 Slabs without drop panels 77 13.2.4 Slabs with drop panels 77 13.2.5 Slabs with beams between all supports 78 13.2.6 Slab bands 78 13.2.7 Computation of slab deflections 78 13.3 Design procedures for shear for slabs without beams 78 13.3.1 General 78 13.3.2 One-way and two-way shear 78 13.3.3 Critical shear section for two-way action 78 13.3.4 Maximum shear stress resistance without shear reinforcement 79 13.3.5 Factored shear stress 79 13.3.6 One-way shear 80 13.3.7 Shear reinforcement for slabs without beams 81 13.3.8 Headed shear reinforcement 81 13.3.9 Stirrup reinforcement 82 13.4 Shear in slab systems with beams 82 13.5 Design procedures for flexure 83 13.6 Elastic plate theory 83 13.7 Theorems of plasticity 84 13.8 Slab systems as elastic frames 85 13.8.1 Definition of frame geometry 85 13.8.2 Non-prismatic modelling of member stiffness 85 13.8.3 Prismatic modelling of member stiffness 86 13.8.4 Arrangement of live load 87 13.8.5 Critical sections 87 13.9 Direct design method 88 13.9.1 Limitations 88 13.9.2 Total factored static moment for a span 88 13.9.3 Negative and positive factored moments 89 13.9.4 Unbalanced factored moments in columns and walls 89 13.9.5 Selection of reinforcement 89 13.10 Slab reinforcement 90 13.10.1 General 90 13.10.2 Shear and moment transfer 90 13.10.3 Exterior columns 90 13.10.4 Spacing 90 13.10.5 Anchorage 90 13.10.6 Structural integrity reinforcement 91 13.10.7 Effective depth at drop panels 91 13.10.8 Curtailment of reinforcement 91 13.10.9 Top reinforcement at slab edges 93 13.10.10 Openings 93 13.11 Lateral distribution of moments for slabs without interior beams 93 13.11.1 General 93 13.11.2 Factored moments in column strip 93 13.11.3 Factored moments in middle strips 94 13.12 Reinforcement for slabs with beams between all supports 95 13.12.1 General 95 13.12.2 Factored moments in beams 95 13.12.3 Slab reinforcement for positive moment 95 13.12.4 Slab reinforcement for negative moment 95 13.12.5 Corner reinforcement 96
Canadian Standards Association gn of concrete structures 4 Walls 96 General requirements for all walls 96 14.1.1 Application 96 14.1.2 Lateral support of walls 96 14.1.3 Design length of wall for the distribution of concentrated vertical loads 96 14.1.4 Columns built integrally with walls 97 14.1.5 Transfer of vertical wall loads througl 14.1.6 Transfer of horizontal wall forces across construction joints 97 141.7 Minimum thickness of walls 97 141.8 Details of wall reinforcement 97 14. Structural design of bearing walls 98 Structural design of non-bearing walls 99 14.4 Structural design of shear walls 99 14.4.1 14.4.2 Assemblies of interconnected shear walls 99 14.4 Horizontal reinforcement in shear walls 100 14. 4.4 Weak axis bending 100 14. 4.5 Diaphragms 100 14.4.6 Coupling beams 100 15 Foundations 100 15.1 General 100 Loads and reactions 100 Footings and pile caps supporting circular or regular polygonal columns or pedestals 101 15.4 Flexural design of footings 101 15.5 Shear design of footings and pile caps 102 15.6 Development of reinforcement in footings and pile caps 102 15.7 Minimum depth of footings 102 15.8.1 Design of piles 102 15.8.2 Special requirements for piles 103 15.8.3 Minimum depth for pile caps 103 15.9 Transfer of force at base of column ap, wall, or pedestal 103 159.1 Genera|103 15.9.2 Cast-in-place construction 104 15.9.3 Precast concrete construction 104 15.10 Sloped or stepped footings 104 11 Combined footings and mats 105 15.12 Plain concrete footings and deep foundations 105 16 Precast concrete 105 General 105 Prequalification of manufacturer 105 16.3 06 16.4.1 Genera|106 16.4.2 Distribution of forces among elements 106 16.4.3 Reinforcement of precast concrete elements 100 16.4.4 Joints and connections 107 5 Bearing 107 16.5 Structural integrity 108 17 Composite concrete flexural members 109 17.1 General 110 December 2004
© Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures December 2004 ix 14 Walls 96 14.1 General requirements for all walls 96 14.1.1 Application 96 14.1.2 Lateral support of walls 96 14.1.3 Design length of wall for the distribution of concentrated vertical loads 96 14.1.4 Columns built integrally with walls 97 14.1.5 Transfer of vertical wall loads through floor 97 14.1.6 Transfer of horizontal wall forces across construction joints 97 14.1.7 Minimum thickness of walls 97 14.1.8 Details of wall reinforcement 97 14.2 Structural design of bearing walls 98 14.3 Structural design of non-bearing walls 99 14.4 Structural design of shear walls 99 14.4.1 General 99 14.4.2 Assemblies of interconnected shear walls 99 14.4.3 Horizontal reinforcement in shear walls 100 14.4.4 Weak axis bending 100 14.4.5 Diaphragms 100 14.4.6 Coupling beams 100 15 Foundations 100 15.1 General 100 15.2 Loads and reactions 100 15.3 Footings and pile caps supporting circular or regular polygonal columns or pedestals 101 15.4 Flexural design of footings 101 15.5 Shear design of footings and pile caps 102 15.6 Development of reinforcement in footings and pile caps 102 15.7 Minimum depth of footings 102 15.8 Piles 102 15.8.1 Design of piles 102 15.8.2 Special requirements for piles 103 15.8.3 Minimum depth for pile caps 103 15.9 Transfer of force at base of column, pile cap, wall, or pedestal 103 15.9.1 General 103 15.9.2 Cast-in-place construction 104 15.9.3 Precast concrete construction 104 15.10 Sloped or stepped footings 104 15.11 Combined footings and mats 105 15.12 Plain concrete footings and deep foundations 105 16 Precast concrete 105 16.1 General 105 16.2 Prequalification of manufacturer 105 16.3 Drawings 106 16.4 Design 106 16.4.1 General 106 16.4.2 Distribution of forces among elements 106 16.4.3 Reinforcement of precast concrete elements 106 16.4.4 Joints and connections 107 16.4.5 Bearing 107 16.5 Structural integrity 108 17 Composite concrete flexural members 109 17.1 General 110
A23.3-04 rds Association 17.2 Shoring 110 Transverse shear resistance 110 174 Longitudinal shear resistance 111 Ties for longitudinal shear 111 18 Prestressed concrete 112 General 112 18.2 Design assumptions for flexure and axial load 113 18.3 Permissible stresses in concrete flexural members 113 18.4 Permissible stresses in tendons 114 18.5 Loss of prestress 115 Flexural resistance 115 18.7 Minimum factored flexural resistance 115 8.8 Minimum bonded reinforcement 116 18.9 Minimum length of bonded reinforcement 117 18.10 Frames and continuous construction 117 18.11 Compression members-Combined flexure and axial loads 117 18.11.1 General117 18.11.2 Limits for reinforcement of prestressed compression members 117 18 12 Two-way slab systems 118 18.12.1 Genera118 18. 12.2 Stresses under specified loads 118 18.12.3 Shear resistance 118 1812 4 Shear and moment transfer 118 18.12.5 Minimum bonded non-prestressed reinforcement 119 18.12.6 Spacing of tendons 119 18.13 Tendon anchorage zones 119 9 Shells and folded plates 120 19.1 General 120 Specified yield strength of reinforcement 121 194 Shell reinforcement 121 19.5 Construction 122 20 Strength evaluation procedures 122 20.1 General 122 20.2 Analytical investigation 123 20. Load tests 123 20.3.1 Genera123 20.3.2 Load tests of flexural systems or members for moment resistance 124 21 Special provisions for seismic design 125 21.1 Scope 125 21.2 General 125 21.2.1 21.2.2 Seismic force resisting systems 125 21. 2.3 Other structural systems 125 21.2.4 Applicable clauses 125 21.2.5 Analysis and proportioning of structural members 126 21.2.6 Concrete in members resisting earthquake-induced forces 127 21.2.7 Reinforcement in members resisting earthquake-induced forces 127 21.2.8 Mechanical splices 127 21.2.9 Welded splices 128 December 2004
A23.3-04 © Canadian Standards Association x December 2004 17.2 Shoring 110 17.3 Transverse shear resistance 110 17.4 Longitudinal shear resistance 111 17.5 Ties for longitudinal shear 111 18 Prestressed concrete 112 18.1 General 112 18.2 Design assumptions for flexure and axial load 113 18.3 Permissible stresses in concrete flexural members 113 18.4 Permissible stresses in tendons 114 18.5 Loss of prestress 115 18.6 Flexural resistance 115 18.7 Minimum factored flexural resistance 115 18.8 Minimum bonded reinforcement 116 18.9 Minimum length of bonded reinforcement 117 18.10 Frames and continuous construction 117 18.11 Compression members — Combined flexure and axial loads 117 18.11.1 General 117 18.11.2 Limits for reinforcement of prestressed compression members 117 18.12 Two-way slab systems 118 18.12.1 General 118 18.12.2 Stresses under specified loads 118 18.12.3 Shear resistance 118 18.12.4 Shear and moment transfer 118 18.12.5 Minimum bonded non-prestressed reinforcement 119 18.12.6 Spacing of tendons 119 18.13 Tendon anchorage zones 119 19 Shells and folded plates 120 19.1 General 120 19.2 Analysis and design 120 19.3 Specified yield strength of reinforcement 121 19.4 Shell reinforcement 121 19.5 Construction 122 20 Strength evaluation procedures 122 20.1 General 122 20.2 Analytical investigation 123 20.3 Load tests 123 20.3.1 General 123 20.3.2 Load tests of flexural systems or members for moment resistance 124 21 Special provisions for seismic design 125 21.1 Scope 125 21.2 General 125 21.2.1 Capacity design 125 21.2.2 Seismic force resisting systems 125 21.2.3 Other structural systems 125 21.2.4 Applicable clauses 125 21.2.5 Analysis and proportioning of structural members 126 21.2.6 Concrete in members resisting earthquake-induced forces 127 21.2.7 Reinforcement in members resisting earthquake-induced forces 127 21.2.8 Mechanical splices 127 21.2.9 Welded splices 128
Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures 21.3 Ductile moment-resisting frame members subjected to predominant flexure(rd=4.0) 128 21.3.1 Application 128 21.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement 128 213.3 Transverse reinforcement 129 21.3.4 Shear strength requirements 129 21.4 Ductile moment-resisting frame members subjected to flexure and significant axial load 21.4.1 Application 130 21.42 Minimum flexural resistance of columns 130 21.4.3 Longitudinal reinforcement 131 21.44 Transverse reinforcement 131 21.4.5 Shear strength 132 21.5 Joints of ductile moment-resisting frames(Rd=4.) 133 21.5.1 General133 21.5.2 Transverse reinforcement in joints 133 ongitudinal column reinforcement 133 21.5.4 Shear resistance of joints 134 21.5.5 Development length for tension reinforcement in joints 134 21.6 Ductile walls(Rd= 3.5 or 4.0)135 21.6.1 Application 135 21.6.2 General requirements 135 21.6.3 Dimensional limitations 136 21.64 Reinforcement 136 216.5 Distributed reinforcement 137 21.66 Concentrated vertical reinforcement 137 21.6.7 Ductility of ductile shear walls 138 21.6.8 Additional requirements for ductile coupled and partially coupled shear walls 139 21.6.9 Shear strength of ductile walls 141 Building members designed for moderate ductility(rd= 2.0 or 2.5)142 21.7.1 Application 142 21.7.2 Moderately ductile moment-resisting frames 143 21.7.3 Moderately ductile shear walls 145 21.7.4 Squat shear walls 146 Conventional construction(Rd=1. 5)147 21.8.1 Genera|147 21.8.2 Frames148 21.8.3Wall148 21.8.4 Two-way slabs without beams 148 21.9 Precast concrete 149 21.9.1 Genera|149 21.9.2 Ductile moment-resisting frames constructed using precast concrete(Rd=4.0) 149 21.9.3 Ductile shear walls constructed using precast concrete(Rd=3. 5 or 4.0)150 21 9.4 Moderately ductile shear walls constructed using precast concrete(Rd=2.0)150 21.10 Structural diaphragms(Rd=2.0, 2.5, 3.5, or 4.0)150 21.10.1 Genera150 21.10.2 Design forces 150 21.10.3 Diaphragm systems 151 21.10. 4 Reinforcement 15 21 10.5 Monolithic concrete systems 151 21. 10.6 Precast systems 152 21. 10.7 Composite systems 152 21.10.8 Construction joints 15 21.11 Foundations(Ra=2.0,25,3.5,or40)153 21.11.1 Genera|153 December 2004
© Canadian Standards Association Design of concrete structures December 2004 xi 21.3 Ductile moment-resisting frame members subjected to predominant flexure (Rd = 4.0) 128 21.3.1 Application 128 21.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement 128 21.3.3 Transverse reinforcement 129 21.3.4 Shear strength requirements 129 21.4 Ductile moment-resisting frame members subjected to flexure and significant axial load (Rd = 4.0) 130 21.4.1 Application 130 21.4.2 Minimum flexural resistance of columns 130 21.4.3 Longitudinal reinforcement 131 21.4.4 Transverse reinforcement 131 21.4.5 Shear strength 132 21.5 Joints of ductile moment-resisting frames (Rd = 4.0) 133 21.5.1 General 133 21.5.2 Transverse reinforcement in joints 133 21.5.3 Longitudinal column reinforcement 133 21.5.4 Shear resistance of joints 134 21.5.5 Development length for tension reinforcement in joints 134 21.6 Ductile walls (Rd = 3.5 or 4.0) 135 21.6.1 Application 135 21.6.2 General requirements 135 21.6.3 Dimensional limitations 136 21.6.4 Reinforcement 136 21.6.5 Distributed reinforcement 137 21.6.6 Concentrated vertical reinforcement 137 21.6.7 Ductility of ductile shear walls 138 21.6.8 Additional requirements for ductile coupled and partially coupled shear walls 139 21.6.9 Shear strength of ductile walls 141 21.7 Building members designed for moderate ductility (Rd = 2.0 or 2.5) 142 21.7.1 Application 142 21.7.2 Moderately ductile moment-resisting frames 143 21.7.3 Moderately ductile shear walls 145 21.7.4 Squat shear walls 146 21.8 Conventional construction (Rd = 1.5) 147 21.8.1 General 147 21.8.2 Frames 148 21.8.3 Walls 148 21.8.4 Two-way slabs without beams 148 21.9 Precast concrete 149 21.9.1 General 149 21.9.2 Ductile moment-resisting frames constructed using precast concrete (Rd = 4.0) 149 21.9.3 Ductile shear walls constructed using precast concrete (Rd = 3.5 or 4.0) 150 21.9.4 Moderately ductile shear walls constructed using precast concrete (Rd = 2.0) 150 21.10 Structural diaphragms (Rd = 2.0, 2.5, 3.5, or 4.0) 150 21.10.1 General 150 21.10.2 Design forces 150 21.10.3 Diaphragm systems 151 21.10.4 Reinforcement 151 21.10.5 Monolithic concrete systems 151 21.10.6 Precast systems 152 21.10.7 Composite systems 152 21.10.8 Construction joints 153 21.11 Foundations (Rd = 2.0, 2.5, 3.5, or 4.0) 153 21.11.1 General 153