学术论文的写作（试用稿）PDF讲义

学术论文的写作 试用稿 ● Title Tite通常为名词性词组、短语。一般可分为以下几类: 以研究内容命名 SYSTHESIS OF 2-0-PROTECTED GLYCEROL DERIVATIVES Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Carbonates by Alcohol-Acid Catalyst 以研究对象命名 A New, Crystalline High Melting Bis(hydroxymethylpolycarbonate and Its Acetone Ketal for Biomaterial Applications Microdomain structure in polylactide-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer films 以研究内容、研究对象综合命名 Poly(ethylene carbonate)s, part 1: Syntheses and structural effects in biodegradation Hydrolytic degradation of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates, a class of new biomaterials. Part I Study of model compound ● Abstract Abstract通常由以下几方面组成:<其前后顺序可相互交叉> 一.简要介绍研究背景<多数文章的 Abstract中已将此部分省略> Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPA)is a thermally sensitive polymeric material. PNIPA hydrogel has been widely used in many fields 二.叙述做了哪方面的研究 根据具体内容,通常用一般过去时、被动态 Poly(1, 3-trimethylene carbonate)(PTMC)was synthesized by diethylzinc-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of 1, 3-trimethylene carbonate. The polymer was characterized by measurement

1 学术论文的写作 试用稿 z Title Title 通常为名词性词组 短语 一般可分为以下几类: 一 以研究内容命名 SYSTHESIS OF 2-O-PROTECTED GLYCEROL DERIVATIVES Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Carbonates by Alcohol-Acid Catalyst 二 以研究对象命名 A New, Crystalline High Melting Bis(hydroxymethyl)polycarbonate and Its Acetone Ketal for Biomaterial Applications Microdomain structure in polylactide-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer films 三 以研究内容 研究对象综合命名 Poly(ethylene carbonate)s, part I: Syntheses and structural effects in biodegradation Hydrolytic degradation of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates, a class of new biomaterials. Part I: Study of model compounds z Abstract Abstract 通常由以下几方面组成 <其前后顺序可相互交叉> 一 简要介绍研究背景 <多数文章的 Abstract 中已将此部分省略> Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) is a thermally sensitive polymeric material. PNIPA hydrogel has been widely used in many fields. 二 叙述做了哪方面的研究 根据具体内容 通常用一般过去时 被动态: Poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) was synthesized by diethylzinc-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate. The polymer was characterized by measurement

of its thermal and mechanical properties, permeability, and susceptibility to hydrolytic chain scission in vitro and in vivo In addition to the initiator, reaction time, temperature and monomer/initiator(M/D)ratio were varied Reactivities of six-membered cyclic carbonates were studied and a carbonate-modified acrylic olymer was synthesized, which was expected to show good water resistance The effect of polymer chemistry on adhesion, proliferation, and morphology of human articular cartilage(HAC)was evaluated In order to study the degradation mechanism of these polycarbonates in more detail, a series of small model compounds were designed that mimic the repeat unit of the polymer. Tyrosine -PEG derived poly(ether carbonate)s were prepared by condensation copolymerization with phosgene.. Chemical structure and purity were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectral The mechanism of decarboxylation was discussed from the viewpoint of Based on the symmetrical structure of these products, a mechanism for chain initiation and.was 根据具体内容,有时要用一般现在时或其它 The novel convergent growth approach to topological macromolecules based on dendritic fragment is described In present paper plasma methods are discussed with respect to other techniques which also nduce micropatterned cell growth 也有少部分用主动态 Our study focused on the role of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)in actively regulating the biological responsiveness of protein-adsorbed biomaterials. To this end, we designed PEG-variant biomaterials from a family of tyrosine/PEG-derived polycarbonate to present surfaces ranging from low to intermediate levels of PEG concentration,. We analyzed the effect of PEG concentration on the amount, conformation and bioactivity We have investigated the ability of these dendrimers to function as an effective delivery system This paper describes the synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable derivatives of poly-L-glutamic acid as suitable vectors for gene therapy 三.阐明得到了哪些主要结论

2 of its thermal and mechanical properties, permeability, and susceptibility to hydrolytic chain scission in vitro and in vivo. …In addition to the initiator, reaction time, temperature, and monomer/initiator (M/I) ratio were varied. Reactivities of six-membered cyclic carbonates were studied and a carbonate-modified acrylic polymer was synthesized, which was expected to show good water resistance. The effect of polymer chemistry on adhesion, proliferation, and morphology of human articular cartilage (HAC) was evaluated. In order to study the degradation mechanism of these polycarbonates in more detail, a series of small model compounds were designed that mimic the repeat unit of the polymer. Tyrosine-PEG derived poly(ether carbonate)s were prepared by condensation copolymerization with phosgene. …Chemical structure and purity were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectral analysis. The mechanism of decarboxylation was discussed from the viewpoint of … Based on the symmetrical structure of these products, a mechanism for chain initiation and …was proposed. 根据具体内容 有时要用一般现在时或其它 The novel convergent growth approach to topological macromolecules based on dendritic fragment is described. In present paper plasma methods are discussed with respect to other techniques which also induce micropatterned cell growth. 也有少部分用主动态 Our study focused on the role of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in actively regulating the biological responsiveness of protein-adsorbed biomaterials. To this end, we designed PEG-variant biomaterials from a family of tyrosine/PEG-derived polycarbonate to present surfaces ranging from low to intermediate levels of PEG concentration, … We analyzed the effect of PEG concentration on the amount, conformation and bioactivity… We have investigated the ability of these dendrimers to function as an effective delivery system… This paper describes the synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable derivatives of poly-L-glutamic acid as suitable vectors for gene therapy. 三 阐明得到了哪些主要结论

时态根据具体情况而定: These results strongly suggest that the cyclic carbonates are activated by trifluoroacetic acid Etz Zn/ethylene glycol was found to be exceptionally effective as a catalyst for this copolymerization Surprisingly, the biodegradation of PECs having Mws<100000 is strongly suppressed The concentrations of the monomers formed in the depolymerizations well agreed with the equilibrium monomer concentrations in the anionic ring-opening polymerizations The highest poly(TMC)molecular weight was obtained by conducing the polymerization at 55 Increasing the water content resulted in enhanced polymerization rates and decreased molecular weights The dimension and surface area of the devices influenced the initial degradation rate, but did not significantly affect the overall rate of degradation A carbonate-modified acrylic polymer showed excellent hydrolysis resistance The dendritic polymer seems to be a promising carrier for the controlled release of antitumor The properties of these polymers depend upon the ratio of monomers and Our results demonstrate that low levels of PEG can regulate not only on the extent but also the conformation and specific bioactivity of adsorbed model protein. Our studies also indicated that the rate of cell migration was inversely correlated with PEG concentration over a narrow range of Peg concentration Results obtained from the use of these model compounds suggested that the backbone carbonate bond is hydrolyzed at a faster rate than t dent chain ester bond The results from this study can be used to explain the degradation behavior of the corresponding polycarbonates as well as their degradation mechanisms

3 时态根据具体情况而定 These results strongly suggest that the cyclic carbonates are activated by trifluoroacetic acid. Et2Zn/ethylene glycol was found to be exceptionally effective as a catalyst for this copolymerization. Surprisingly, the biodegradation of PECs having Mws<100000 is strongly suppressed. The concentrations of the monomers formed in the depolymerizations well agreed with the equilibrium monomer concentrations in the anionic ring-opening polymerizations. The highest poly(TMC) molecular weight was obtained by conducing the polymerization at 55 Increasing the water content resulted in enhanced polymerization rates and decreased molecular weights. The dimension and surface area of the devices influenced the initial degradation rate, but did not significantly affect the overall rate of degradation. A carbonate-modified acrylic polymer showed excellent hydrolysis resistance… The dendritic polymer seems to be a promising carrier for the controlled release of antitumor drugs. The properties of these polymers depend upon the ratio of monomers and... Our results demonstrate that low levels of PEG can regulate not only on the extent but also the conformation and specific bioactivity of adsorbed model protein…Our studies also indicated that the rate of cell migration was inversely correlated with PEG concentration over a narrow range of PEG concentration. Results obtained from the use of these model compounds suggested that the backbone carbonate bond is hydrolyzed at a faster rate than the pendent chain ester bond. The results from this study can be used to explain the degradation behavior of the corresponding polycarbonates as well as their degradation mechanisms

● Introduction 时态根据具体内容而定 ntroduction通常由以下几方面组成: 介绍研究背景、研究意义 Spiro orthocarbonates(SOCs) undergo double ring-opening polymerization with an expansion in volume[1-4. This unique property attracted the interest of polymer chemists [5, 6 Since the early 1960s, several synthetic, degradable polymer systems have been used as medical implant materials. Some widely investigated examples include poly (lactic acid)[1, 21, and polyorthoesters[6,71 Wichterle <*t>and Lim developed the first synthetic polymeric hydrogels based on hydroxyethyl methacrylate, for use as biomaterials [2]. Since then, there has been continuing interest in the development of novel types of hydrogel materials for biomedical application elopment of biodegra ing extensively promoted as one of the solutions to plastic waste disposal. Aliphatic polyesters are currently considered the most promising materials for the production of biodegradable plastics In recent years more and more technical fields have begun to use low-temperature plasm Important new applications have been found in biomedical techniques.. Good examples for novel techniques very near application and already applied are plasmas sterilization..This is important not only for polymeric biomaterials, but also for other materials. A lot of publications already exist in this field. It is well known that poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPA) gel is thermally sensitive in its response to external temperature changes... PNIPA gel has attracted great interest and been extensively studied in the recent 20 years due to its applications in many fields, such as artificial muscle [2], on-off switches [3], and immobilization of enzymes[4], etc Very recently, Kricheldorf et al. have reported the synthesis of high molecular weight polycarbonate., although the detailed mechanism is not clear The anionic living polymerization technique yielding polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions has been widely adopted as a method to prepare homo and especially block copolymers Gene therapy is a relatively new technic the field of biotechnology and medicine that is attracting a lot of attention

4 z Introduction 时态根据具体内容而定 Introduction 通常由以下几方面组成 一 介绍研究背景﹑ 研究意义 Spiro orthocarbonates (SOCs) undergo double ring-opening polymerization with an expansion in volume [1-4]. This unique property attracted the interest of polymer chemists [5,6]. Since the early 1960s, several synthetic, degradable polymer systems have been used as medical implant materials. Some widely investigated examples include poly(lactic acid) [1,2], …, …, and polyorthoesters [6,7]. Wichterle < 姓 > and Lim developed the first synthetic polymeric hydrogels based on hydroxyethyl methacrylate, for use as biomaterials [2]. Since then, there has been continuing interest in the development of novel types of hydrogel materials for biomedical application. Development of biodegradable plastics is being extensively promoted as one of the solutions to plastic waste disposal. Aliphatic polyesters are currently considered the most promising materials for the production of biodegradable plastics. In recent years more and more technical fields have begun to use low-temperature plasmas. Important new applications have been found in biomedical techniques….Good examples for novel techniques very near application and already applied are plasmas sterilization….This is important not only for polymeric biomaterials, but also for other materials. A lot of publications already exist in this field. It is well known that poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) gel is thermally sensitive in its response to external temperature changes. … PNIPA gel has attracted great interest and been extensively studied in the recent 20 years due to its applications in many fields, such as artificial muscle [2], on-off switches [3], and immobilization of enzymes [4], etc. Very recently, Kricheldorf et al. have reported the synthesis of high molecular weight polycarbonate…, although the detailed mechanism is not clear. 5 The anionic living polymerization technique yielding polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions has been widely adopted as a method to prepare homo- and especially block copolymers1). Gene therapy is a relatively new technique in the field of biotechnology and medicine that is attracting a lot of attention

The free radical polymerizations of cyclic ketene acetals have recently evoked a lot of interest The use of enzyme catalysis in organic media for polymer-forming reactions is gaining increasing attention. The hallmark of enzymes is their ability to achieve high enantio- and regioselectivity for various chemical transformations. Furthermore, enzymes represent a family of environmentally friendly"catalysts. Advantages of using enzymes in organic as opposed to aqueous media are as follows:(i) increased enzyme thermal stability, (ii) solubility of a wide range of substrate types in the reaction media, (iii) no requirement for pH adjustment as the reaction proceeds, and(iv) readily recyclable. 2,3 Whereas aromatic polycarbonates have achieved wide application and great importance as polymer materials since 1954, aliphatic polycarbonates have been less interesting due to their poor thermal stability and easy hydrolysis. During the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to aliphatic polycarbonates for their potential in the medical field and in the environmental control of plastics Stimulated by the need for bioresorbable medical materials with a wide range of physical properties and degradation rates, there has been considerable interest in exploring aliphatic polycarbonate prepared by ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonate monomers. Efforts have thus far focused on polymerizations of five- and Six-membered ring aliphatic cyclic 阐述目前该领域的研究现状、存在问题、待解决的问题 Ring-opening polymerization of six-membered cyclic carbonates have been studied in detail by Kricheldorf et al. [4, 5] and Sarell et al. [6-8 after the first work on their reactivity by Searles [9] In recent years there has been renewal of interest in polymerization of six-membered cyclic carbonate since Endo et al. demonstrated that TMC showed volume expansion during olymerization[10] only a low molecular weight(MW) polymer was obtained and the MW cannot be controlle vely, Although the cationic ring-opening polymerization of soCs has been investigated extensi Although the utility of these materials as sutures and in a number of drug delivery applications is well established, some material,'s needs cannot be satisfied by their use. For example, all polyesters release acidic degradation products [6-8), limiting their utility to applications where acidity at the implant site is not a concern. The above polyesters also tend to be relatively rigid inflexible materials [9], This can be a definite disadvantage when mechanical compliance with soft tissue or blood vessels is required. Finally, none of the above polyesters provides a chemically reactive pendent chain for the easy attachment of drugs, crosslinkers and biologically active moieties The investigation of poly(ether carbonate)s started in the 1960s.. However, copolymers of

5 The free radical polymerizations of cyclic ketene acetals have recently evoked a lot of interest. The use of enzyme catalysis in organic media for polymer-forming reactions is gaining increasing attention. The hallmark of enzymes is their ability to achieve high enantio- and regioselectivity for various chemical transformations.1 Furthermore, enzymes represent a family of “environmentally friendly” catalysts. Advantages of using enzymes in organic as opposed to aqueous media are as follows: (i) increased enzyme thermal stability, (ii) solubility of a wide range of substrate types in the reaction media, (iii) no requirement for pH adjustment as the reaction proceeds, and (iv) readily recyclable. 2,3 Whereas aromatic polycarbonates have achieved wide application and great importance as polymer materials since 1954,1 aliphatic polycarbonates have been less interesting due to their poor thermal stability and easy hydrolysis. During the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to aliphatic polycarbonates for their potential in the medical field and in the environmental control of plastics.2-8 Stimulated by the need for bioresorbable medical materials with a wide range of physical properties and degradation rates, there has been considerable interest in exploring aliphatic polycarbonate prepared by ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonate monomers.1-7 Efforts have thus far focused on polymerizations of five- and six-membered ring aliphatic cyclic carbonates. 二 阐述目前该领域的研究现状﹑存在问题﹑待解决的问题 Ring-opening polymerization of six-membered cyclic carbonates have been studied in detail by Kricheldorf et al. [4,5] and Sarell et al. [6-8] after the first work on their reactivity by Searles [9]. In recent years there has been renewal of interest in polymerization of six-membered cyclic carbonate since Endo et al. demonstrated that TMC showed volume expansion during polymerization [10]. Although the cationic ring-opening polymerization of SOCs has been investigated extensively, only a low molecular weight (MW) polymer was obtained and the MW cannot be controlled. Although the utility of these materials as sutures and in a number of drug delivery applications is well established, some material’s needs cannot be satisfied by their use. For example, all polyesters release acidic degradation products [6-8], limiting their utility to applications where acidity at the implant site is not a concern. The above polyesters also tend to be relatively rigid, inflexible materials [9], This can be a definite disadvantage when mechanical compliance with soft tissue or blood vessels is required. Finally, none of the above polyesters provides a chemically reactive pendent chain for the easy attachment of drugs, crosslinkers and biologically active moieties. The investigation of poly(ether carbonate)s started in the 1960s. …However, copolymers of