2、公元前400年左右的古希腊 Hippocrates On the Surgery: Here the author described what it was the surgeon should know, how he should proceed with the treatment, and what general qualifications he should possess. The things related to surgery are, " the Hippocratic author wrote around 400 B C,, the patient; the operator, the assistants, the instruments, the light where and how, how many things; and how; where the body, and the instruments: the time. the manner the
2、公元前400年左右的古希腊 Hippocrates On the Surgery: Here the author described what it was the surgeon should know, how he should proceed with the treatment, and what general qualifications he should possess. “The things related to surgery are,” the Hippocratic author wrote around 400 B. C., “the patient; the operator; the assistants; the instruments; the light; where and how; how many things; and how; where the body, and the instruments; the time; the manner; the place
3、罗马百科全书作者 Anlus cornelius Celsus炎症“红、肿、热、痛 Now a surgeon should be youthful or at any rate nearer youth than age, with a strong and steady hand which never trembles; and ready to use the lefthand as well as the right; with vision sharp and clear, and spirit undaunted; filled with pity, so that he wishes to cure his patient, yet is not moved by his cries, to go too fast, or cut less than is necessary but he does everything just as if the cries of pain cause him no emotion
3、罗马百科全书作者Anlus Cornelius Celsus,炎症：“红、肿、热、痛” Now a surgeon should be youthful or at any rate nearer youth than age; with a strong and steady hand which never trembles; and ready to use the lefthand as well as the right; with vision sharp and clear, and spirit undaunted; filled with pity, so that he wishes to cure his patient, yet is not moved by his cries, to go too fast, or cut less than is necessary; but he does everything just as if the cries of pain cause him no emotion
4,134世纪,外科是被人看不起的 By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries surgery was looked down upon and avoided by physicians, who had received their education in the universities that were now arising all over urope
4、13—14世纪，外科是被人看不起的 By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries surgery was looked down upon and avoided by physicians, who had received their education in the universities that were now arising all over Europe
5,16世纪中期, Thomas Vicary(mid sixteenth century surgeon and author?) Now then to know what properties and conditions this man must have before he be a perfect chirurgie. I doe note four things most specially that every chirurgie ought so to have, the first that he be learned the second, that he be expert; the third, that he be ingenious, the fourth, that he be well mannered
5、16世纪中期，Thomas Vicary (midsixteenth century surgeon and author?) Now then to know what properties and conditions this man must have before he be a perfect chirurgien. I doe note four things most specially that every chirurgien ought so to have: the first, that he be learned; the second, that he be expert; the third, that he be ingenious; the fourth, that he be well mannered