1 Local action a Rectal suppositories intended for localized action are most frequently used to relieve constipation or the pain, irritation, itching> and inflammation associated with hemorrhoids or other anorectal conditions A popular laxative, glycerin suppositories promote laxation by the localirritation of the mucous membranes
1） Local action ◼ Rectal suppositories intended for localized action are most frequently used to relieve constipation or the pain, irritation, itching, and inflammation associated with hemorrhoids or other anorectal conditions. ◼ A popular laxative, glycerin suppositories promote laxation by the local irritation of the mucous membranes
Vaginal suppositories or inserts intended for localized effects are employed mainly as contraceptives, antiseptics in feminine hygiene and as specific agents to combat as invading pathogen. Most commonly, the drugs used are nonoxynol-9 (9-王苯醇醚) for contraception,and trichomonacides(杀滴虫剂) to combat vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida Monilia) albicans, and other microorganisms
◼ Vaginal suppositories or inserts intended for localized effects are employed mainly as contraceptives, antiseptics in feminine hygiene, and as specific agents to combat as invading pathogen. ◼ Most commonly, the drugs used are nonoxynol-9 （9-壬苯醇醚） for contraception, and trichomonacides（杀滴虫剂） to combat vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida (Monilia) albicans, and other microorganisms
2) Systemic action For systemic effects, the mucous membranes of the rectum and vagina permit the absorption of many soluble drugs a Although the rectum is used frequently as the site for the systemic absorption of drugs the vagina is not as frequently used for this purpose
2) Systemic action ◼ For systemic effects, the mucous membranes of the rectum and vagina permit the absorption of many soluble drugs. ◼ Although the rectum is used frequently as the site for the systemic absorption of drugs, the vagina is not as frequently used for this purpose
Among the advantages over oral therapy of the rectal route of administration for achieving systemic effects are these a) Drugs destroyed or inactivated by the ph or enzymatic activity of the stomach or intestines need not be exposed to this destructive environments; b) Drugs irritating to the stomach may be giving without causing such irritation c) Drugs destroyed by portal circulation may bypass the liver after rectal absorption
◼ Among the advantages over oral therapy of the rectal route of administration for achieving systemic effects are these: a) Drugs destroyed or inactivated by the pH or enzymatic activity of the stomach or intestines need not be exposed to this destructive environments; b) Drugs irritating to the stomach may be giving without causing such irritation c) Drugs destroyed by portal circulation may bypass the liver after rectal absorption
d )The route is convenient for administration of drugs to adult or pediatric patients who may be unable or unwilling to swallow medication e)It is an effective route in the treatment of patients with vomiting episodes
d) The route is convenient for administration of drugs to adult or pediatric patients who may be unable or unwilling to swallow medication e) It is an effective route in the treatment of patients with vomiting episodes