Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction o 7.1.3 How should concepts be taught? o Something represented in a concept, but not always associated with it. e.g. the ability to fly is a characteristic feature rather than a defining feature of a bird. having multiple players is a characteristic feature of games, but not a defining feature (4)Help students link new concepts to what they already know. For example, the teacher introducing alliteration(头韵) might mention that it belongs to a larger group of words that also includes rhyming and assonance(类似的音)
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction ⚫ 7.1.3 How should concepts be taught? ⚫ Something represented in a concept, but not always associated with it. e.g. the ability to fly is a characteristic feature rather than a defining feature of a bird. Having multiple players is a characteristic feature of games, but not a defining feature. ⚫ (4) Help students link new concepts to what they already know. For example, the teacher introducing alliteration（头韵） might mention that it belongs to a larger group of words that also includes rhyming and assonance(类似的音）
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction ●72 Reasoning 07.2.1 what is reasoning o Reasoning is process of drawing conclusions from evidence lt is a basic part of deep and thoughtful learning By reasoning, students make sense of what thev read and hear in class
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction ⚫ 7.2 Reasoning ⚫ 7.2.1 what is reasoning ⚫ Reasoning is process of drawing conclusions from evidence.It is a basic part of deep and thoughtful learning. By reasoning, students make sense of what they read and hear in class
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction o 7.2.2 inductive and deductive reasoning o Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing reasonable general conclusions from specific facts or observations, or going from the specific to the general. In induction, it is no possible to have logic certainty, because there is always the chance that the next observation you make will disconfirm all the previous observations have confirmed. e. g. an adult who is mute willl disconfirm the inference that all adults talk
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction ⚫ 7.2.2 inductive and deductive reasoning ⚫ Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing reasonable general conclusions from specific facts or observations, or going from the specific to the general.In induction, it is no possible to have logic certainty, because there is always the chance that the next observation you make will disconfirm all the previous observations have confirmed. e.g. an adult who is mute will disconfirm the inference that all adults talk
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction o 7.2.2 inductive and deductive reasoning o Expert teacher look for ways to challenge conclusions that students reach on the basis of inductive reasoning. In this manner, teachers help students understand how alternative conclusions often can be based on the same set of facts o Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing specific, logically valid conclusions from one or more general premise, or going from the general to the specific. by its nature, deductive reasoning leads to conclusions that are logically certain, e.g. If a liquid boils at 212F, it is water. This liquid boils at 2 12F, Therefore it is water
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction ⚫ 7.2.2 inductive and deductive reasoning ⚫ Expert teacher look for ways to challenge conclusions that students reach on the basis of inductive reasoning. In this manner, teachers help students understand how alternative conclusions often can be based on the same set of facts. ⚫ Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing specific, logically valid conclusions from one or more general premise, or going from the general to the specific. By its nature, deductive reasoning leads to conclusions that are logically certain. e.g. If a liquid boils at 2120F, it is water. This liquid boils at 2120F,Therefore, it is water
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction o 7. 2.3 How to help students learn to reason? ● Using syllogisms(三段论法,推论法,演绎), A syllogism is a deductive argument that permits a conclusion from a series of two statements or premises. Each of these two premises contains two terms, with one term common to both premises. e.g. o Premise A: You are taller than your best friend. o Premise B: Your best friend is taller than your sister. o Who is the tallest?
Chapter 7 Knowledge learning and instruction ⚫ 7.2.3 How to help students learn to reason？ ⚫ Using syllogisms（三段论法，推论法，演绎）. A syllogism is a deductive argument that permits a conclusion from a series of two statements or premises. Each of these two premises contains two terms, with one term common to both premises. e.g. ⚫ Premise A: You are taller than your best friend. ⚫ Premise B: Your best friend is taller than your sister. ⚫ Who is the tallest?