Multiple VDD l/O's,VReg,Gnd Memory Arrays ROM Analog Vdd 5 Vdd 3 Vdd1 Low Vt device arrays Vdd 1 Optimized for low active power RLM1 pus Memory Arrays Vdd 3 Microcontroller RLM2 Low Vt device arrays Vdd2 Optimized for low active power ROM DSP Vdd 1 RLM3 Memory Arrays Vdd 2 Vdd 4 High Vt device arrays Monitor Logic Vdd 4 Optimized for low active I/O's,VReg,Gnd power Independently controlled domain power switches Multiple On-Chip Voltage Islands On-Chip Voltage Regulators
Multiple VDD Memory Arrays Vdd 3 Low Vt device arrays Optimized for low active power Microcontroller Vdd 2 ROM Vdd1 RLM 1 RLM 2 Memory Arrays Vdd 3 Low Vt device arrays Optimized for low active I/O’s, VReg, Gnd Analog Vdd 5 Vdd 1 I/O’s, VReg, Gnd I/O’s, VReg, Gnd Independently controlled domain power switches Multiple On-Chip Voltage Islands On-Chip Voltage Regulators I/O’s, VReg, Gnd Memory Arrays Vdd 4 High Vt device arrays Optimized for low active power Vdd 2 DSP Vdd 2 ROM Vdd 1 Monitor Logic Vdd 4 Optimized for low active power RLM 3 I/O’s, VReg, Gnd
Die Size Comparison CPU CPU:Power density CPU (45nm gen) MP Server CPU 50mm2 >s2000 Processor Alpha AMD HP. IBM Intel Intel MIPS 21364 Opteron PA8700 Power 4 Itanium 2 Xeon R14000 Clock 1.15 GHz 2.2 GHZ 870 MHz 1.7 GHz 1.5Hz 3.2 GHZ 600 MHZ Rate 2t Power 110W 86W 75W 100W 130W 86W 16W 260mm (Max) Performance CPU >3250 150mm 25别 1000 1+0mm Rocket 130mm2 Mainstream CPU Noozle 120m $150-250 Nuclear Reactor ◆P5 P4m1.4G也，75W 100 Value CPU P4 45150 Sun's 70mm2 Pentium III® surface Hot plate Pentium IIR 10 PentiumPro® i386 Pentium R 40mm2 i486 Embedded CPU ($50 30mm2 11.5 1t0.7u0.50.350.250.18l0.130.1μ0.07μ0.05 45nm:单核Atom为24.2mm2,服务器Xeon7400为503mm2 PN.CEM,CH硬漾阿
CPU：Power density 45nm：单核Atom为24.2mm2 ，服务器Xeon 7400为503mm2
处理器功耗源 。 处理器丰CPU 。 处理器功耗含： 1■aa -内核功耗PCORE ARM922T ETM Intertace ·与供电电压和时钟频率相关 -外部接口控制器功耗PO 8K 8K I Cache ARM U Cache ARM9TDMI MMU ·各个专门O控制器功耗 MMU core ·总线功耗 Write buffer -地址和数据总线宽度 Bus (nterface Unit ·是系统的主要功耗源 一对于手持设备来讲，它几 69 乎占据了除显示屏以外的 整个系统功耗的一半以上 llxx@ustc.edu.cn 13/62
• 处理器 ≠CPU • 处理器功耗含 ： – 内核功耗 PCORE • 与供电电压和时钟频率相关 – 外部接口控制器功耗 PI/O 处理器功耗源 llxx@ustc.edu.cn 13/62 – 外部接口控制器功耗 PI/O • 各个专门I/O控制器功耗 • 总线功耗 – 地址和数据总线宽度 • 是系统的主要功耗源 – 对于手持设备来讲，它几 乎占据了除显示屏以外的 整个系统功耗的一半以上
处理器核功耗：by Unit Pentium Pro Breakdown of Power by unit Inst Fetch Miscellaneous 14% 24% Inst Decode 14% Register Alias Table 4% Memory Order Buffer 4% Reorder Buffer 7% External Bus Logic FPMap Int Reg t的时 IntQ 5% Data Cache FPMul Reservation 7% Stations Clock FP Execution Int Execution FPReg LdStQ Int Exec FPQ 5% 5% 6% FPAdd 5% ITB Bpred DTB lcache Dcache llxx@ustc.edu.cn
处理器核功耗：by Unit llxx@ustc.edu.cn 14/62
各个操作的功耗 Relative energy per operation (according to Catthoor et al) memory transfer operation:33 -external l/O operation 10 -SRAM write operation:9 -SRAM read operation:4.4 Multiply operation 3.6 -Add operation 1 llxx@ustc.edu.cn 15/62
各个操作的功耗 • Relative energy per operation (according to Catthoor et al) – memory transfer operation: 33 – external I/O operation : 10 – SRAM write operation : 9 llxx@ustc.edu.cn 15/62 – SRAM read operation : 4.4 – Multiply operation : 3.6 – Add operation : 1