STATE OF THE WORLD's FORESTs 2003 Institutional framework n recent years, the forest sector has undergone stakeholders in forestry; the recent emphasis on a fundamental transformation, largely as a food security and poverty alleviation; and the ownership and increased recognnonorthe o result of restructuring, downsizing, changes need to comply with legally binding commitments multiple benefits that forests provide One of the For the most part, however, education is not most significant trends is increased management adequate to cope with today's needs At all levels, by groups of people and by individuals. In curricula must be updated to include such topics addition to the 22 percent of the worlds forests as the role of trees outside forests, collaborative that are now privately management, gender equity, access and benefit ownership accounts for about 11 percent, a figure sharing, the potential impact of certification expected to reach 40 percent by 2050. Consistent schemes on forest practices, and participatory ith this pattern, the number of partnerships learning. By the same token, if education is to among governments, organizations and agencies respond to current social aspirations and is growing, especially at the local level. However, challenges, foresters must be given the what may not be keeping pace is the amount of opportunity to move beyond the realm of forestry support that community groups receive to to learn about such fields as communication increase their human, physical and financial skills, business administration and management capacity to take full advantage of current and sciences. Equally important, efforts are needed to emerging opportunities enable institutions to monitor and assess their Institutional questions are multidimensional efficiency in responding as demands evolve and can be complex, as can the solutions required to address them. This chapter touches on recent Meeting of experts proposes ways of developments and key issues in forestry strengthening institutional capacity education, decentralization of public forest Ways of addressing these needs were discusse administrations, benefit-sharing arrangeme a meeting of experts on forestry education prevention of illegal logging and cross-sectoral organized by FAO in Rabat, Morocco in 2001 linkages These are presented as some of the (FAO, 200la) Participants affirmed that the examples of the many components that are capacity of institutions for all levels of forestry critical to the successful implementation of ducation and programmes needed strengthening sustainable forest management and updating, especially countries They also noted that donor support to education FORESTRY EDUCATION: COPING WITH was declining, partly because of the decrease i NEW DEMANDS hiring by public services and non-governmental Education concerning forests and trees is crucial organizations(NGOs), and partly because to achieving sustainable management and increasing numbers of non-traditional foresters national sustainable development goal are managing lands that include forests as part of Fundamental changes in forest policies, in the the mix of uses. forestry education are needed as a result of trends identified some potential ways forward rts role of foresters and, hence, in approaches to On the basis of their discussions, the exp such as increasing demands for forest goods and regional networking to support forestry services; growing recognition of the contributions education institutions and more that trees outside forests make in rural and urban interinstitutional exchange of knowledge and areas; the active participation of multiple experience
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 32 I undergone has sector forest the, years recent n a as largely, transformation fundamental a in changes, downsizing, restructuring of result the of recognition increased and ownership the of One. provide forests that benefits multiple management increased is trends significant most In. individuals by and people of groups by forests s’world the of percent 22 the to addition community, owned privately now are that figure a, percent 11 about for accounts ownership Consistent. 2050 by percent 40 reach to expected partnerships of number the, pattern this with agencies and organizations, governments among ,However. level local the at especially, growing is of amount the is pace keeping be not may what to receive groups community that support financial and physical, human their increase and current of advantage full take to capacity .opportunities emerging multidimensional are questions Institutional required solutions the can as, complex be can and recent on touches chapter This. them address to forestry in issues key and developments forest public of decentralization, education ,arrangements sharing-benefit, administrations sectoral-cross and logging illegal of prevention the of some as presented are These. linkages are that components many the of examples of implementation successful the to critical .management forest sustainable WITH COPING: EDUCATION FORESTRY DEMANDS NEW crucial is trees and forests concerning Education and management sustainable achieving to .goals development sustainable national the in, policies forest in changes Fundamental to approaches in, hence, and foresters of role trends of result a as needed are education forestry and goods forest for demands increasing as such contributions the of recognition growing; services urban and rural in make forests outside trees that multiple of participation active the; areas on emphasis recent the; forestry in stakeholders the and; alleviation poverty and security food binding legally with comply to need .commitments not is education, however, part most the For ,levels all At. needs s’today with cope to adequate topics such include to updated be must curricula collaborative, forests outside trees of role the as benefit and access, equity gender, management certification of impact potential the, sharing participatory and, practices forest on schemes to is education if, token same the By. learning and aspirations social current to respond the given be must foresters, challenges forestry of realm the beyond move to opportunity communication as fields such about learn to management and administration business, skills to needed are efforts, important Equally. sciences their assess and monitor to institutions enable .evolve demands as responding in efficiency of ways proposes experts of Meeting capacity institutional strengthening at discussed were needs these addressing of Ways education forestry on experts of meeting a 2001 in Morocco, Rabat in FAO by organized the that affirmed Participants). 2001a, FAO( forestry of levels all for institutions of capacity strengthening needed programmes and education .countries developing in especially, updating and education to support donor that noted also They in decrease the of because partly, declining was governmental-non and services public by hiring because partly and), NGOs (organizations foresters traditional-non of numbers increasing of part as forests include that lands managing are .uses of mix the experts the, discussions their of basis the On :forward ways potential some identified forestry support to networking regional• more and institutions education and knowledge of exchange interinstitutional ;experience framework Institutional
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR improved coordination among forestry being taught about how forest policy decisions education research and extension so that made in the international arena influence actions needs become better known to all and at the national and local levels. To address such knowledge becomes more accessible to the shortcomings and foster collaboration with ulation international research organizations, more use of innovative and interactive tergovernmental organizations and others methods of teaching and learning, for groups of universities are taking steps to set up example approaches that enable communities consortia to provide issue-driven programmes use their own that build intellectual and professional capacity experiment with new management for sound forest management. The objective is to have a knowledgeable faculty from various greater attention to distance learning and the institutions deliver courses, workshops, seminars use of new information technolo and conferences economically throughout the raising awareness of the importance of trees world. The University of British Columbia, and forests, for example by increasing access Canada, for example, is leading an effort to to knowledge about forests and forest-related establish a consortium for international forestry issues for students at the primary and education(University of British Columbia and FAO2002) nges in how forests and are perceived is also one of the mos DECENTRALIZATION OF PUBLIC important challenges for forestry education in ADMINISTRATION OF FORESTS developed countries. This was confirmed at the National governments and international Meeting of International University Forest organizations are increasingly favouring the Education Leaders, held in Vancouver, Canada, in decentralization of authority and resources to 2001, organized by the Faculty of Forestry local governments as a means of fostering University of British Columbia and FAO development while decentralization takes place (University of British Columbia and FAO, 2002). regardless of the level of development, it is Among the various concerns raised, the declining generally a more prominent issue in developing number of forestry students and the dwindling countries. A World Bank study in 1999 estimated support to forestry education in develop that more than 80 percent of all developing countries were stressed. One explanation was the countries and countries with economies in lack of competitive employment opportunities. transition were experimenting with some form of decentralization(Manor, 1999). while this Consortia could fill significant gaps in curricula Many universities are unable to introduce pecialized forestry programmes because of financial constraints, a shortage of staff with the required expertise, or potentially limited enrolment. At the moment, for example, little is Education at all levels forests an achieving sustainable management development goals
33 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART forestry among coordination improved• that so extension and research, education and all to known better become needs the to accessible more becomes knowledge ;population wider interactive and innovative of use more• for, learning and teaching of methods communities enable that approaches example to and knowledge own their use to management new with experiment ;techniques the and learning distance to attention greater• ;technologies information new of use trees of importance the of awareness raising• access increasing by example for, forests and related-forest and forests about knowledge to and primary the at students for issues .levels secondary and forests how in changes to Responding most the of one also is perceived are forestry in education forestry for challenges important the at confirmed was This. countries developed Forest University International of Meeting in, Canada, Vancouver in held, Leaders Education ,Forestry of Faculty the by organized, 2001 FAO and Columbia British of University .(2002, FAO and Columbia British of University( declining the, raised concerns various the Among dwindling the and students forestry of number developed in education forestry to support the was explanation One. stressed were countries .opportunities employment competitive of lack curricula in gaps significant fill could Consortia introduce to unable are universities Many of because programmes forestry specialized the with staff of shortage a, constraints financial limited potentially or, expertise required is little, example for, moment the At. enrolment decisions policy forest how about taught being actions influence arena international the in made such address To. levels local and national the at with collaboration foster and shortcomings ,organizations research international ,others and organizations intergovernmental up set to steps taking are universities of groups programmes driven-issue provide to consortia capacity professional and intellectual build that to is objective The. management forest sound for various from faculty knowledgeable a have seminars, workshops, courses deliver institutions the throughout economically conferences and ,Columbia British of University The. world to effort an leading is, example for, Canada forestry international for consortium a establish and Columbia British of University (education .(2002, FAO PUBLIC OF DECENTRALIZATION FORESTS OF ADMINISTRATION international and governments National the favouring increasingly are organizations to resources and authority of decentralization fostering of means a as governments local place takes decentralization While. development is it, development of level the of regardless developing in issue prominent more a generally estimated 1999 in study Bank World A. countries developing all of percent 80 than more that in economies with countries and countries form some with experimenting were transition this While). 1999, Manor (decentralization of concerning levels all at Education to crucial is trees and forests management sustainable achieving sustainable national and goals development CENINI. P/18405/FAO
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 trend is less marked in the forest sector its Decentralization is a long-term process mportance is expected to grow considerably in many cases conclusions cannot be drawn from the near future the results to date. However successful Local governance can provide a unique implementation will likely require substantial opportunity to combat poverty while fostering building of local skills in organization, better management of the environment and the negotiation, management and accounting. It is forest resource, because authorities living close to also necessary to develop clear regulatory the many people who depend on forests are in a frameworks, to define responsibilities and good position to address local needs. Successful competences, to transfer decision-making regional share of income from forests, resulted in capacity to support an effective centry s.The efforts have enhanced participation, increased the powers and to secure access to resource better delivery of services and improved the monitoring and accountability system is also sustainability of forests(Hitchcock, 2001) critical to ensuring that decentralized However, there can also be drawbacks(see Box administrations are indeed providing the expected services To build on the positive aspects, international Although progress is being made, gaps in organizations are helping countries to improve information prevent an accurate global decentralization policy and implementation and assessment of the changes taking place. Work is the conditions for success. Efforts include analysis therefore under way by FAO and others to which national forest programmes can make that are decentralizing their forest sectors, the S of accountability processes, exploration of ways compile information on the number of countr decentralization more effective and equitable, and extent and type of resources transferred, the development of methodologies to assess which nature of responsibilities involved, the status of institutional capacities are needed in the forest implementation and the relationship with sector to put the concept into practice decentralization models in other sectors. as a more complete picture becomes available, it will help shed light on the conditions that favour or Decentralization brings risks and raises new issues SHARING BENEFITS FROM FORESTS In addition to supplying wood and non-wood products and services to individuals, forests provide common benefits to all or part of Lack of accountability and institutional capacity on the part of society. Over time, institutional and regulatory local governments could result in breaches of authority. arrangements have resulted in a greater degre The critical need for financial resources could increase the rate of shared utilization and have generally also of deforestation fostered a wider and more equitable The cost of extemalities(with activities from one sector having distribution of benefits. Where forest land is still negative impact outside the sector)could fall on a particular predominantly State-owned in developing region or group of communities rather than on society as a countries, such arrangements are less common While local communities often rely on forest New laws could interfere with customary rules and local mod- goods and services for subsistence and income els of resource management. generation, ways of sharing the common Decision-making might not be passed effectively to the local benefits are not as well defined. For example, level the collection and sale of unprocessed forest The interests of some groups might not be adequately taken products may yield fewer benefits to local into consideration populations than to other parties. To improve such situations, monetary and non-monetary
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 34 its, sector forest the in marked less is trend in considerably grow to expected is importance .future near the unique a provide can governance Local fostering while poverty combat to opportunity the and environment the of management better to close living authorities because, resource forest a in are forests on depend who people many the Successful. needs local address to position good the increased, participation enhanced have efforts in resulted, forests from income of share regional the improved and services of delivery better .(2001, Hitchcock (forests of sustainability Box see (drawbacks be also can there, However .(below international, aspects positive the on build To improve to countries helping are organizations and implementation and policy decentralization analysis include Efforts. success for conditions the ways of exploration, processes accountability of make can programmes forest national which in and, equitable and effective more decentralization which assess to methodologies of development forest the in needed are capacities institutional .practice into concept the put to sector in and process term-long a is Decentralization from drawn be cannot conclusions cases many successful, However. date to results the substantial require likely will implementation ,organization in skills local of building is It. accounting and management, negotiation regulatory clear develop to necessary also and responsibilities define to, frameworks making-decision transfer to, competences The. resources to access secure to and powers central effective an support to capacity also is system accountability and monitoring decentralized that ensuring to critical the providing indeed are administrations .services expected in gaps, made being is progress Although global accurate an prevent information is Work. place taking changes the of assessment to others and FAO by way under therefore countries of number the on information compile the, sectors forest their decentralizing are that the, transferred resources of type and extent of status the, involved responsibilities of nature with relationship the and implementation a As. sectors other in models decentralization will it, available becomes picture complete more or favour that conditions the on light shed help .decentralization hamper FORESTS FROM BENEFITS SHARING wood-non and wood supplying to addition In forests, individuals to services and products of part or all to benefits common provide regulatory and institutional, time Over. society degree greater a in resulted have arrangements also generally have and utilization shared of equitable more and wider a fostered still is land forest Where. benefits of distribution developing in owned-State predominantly .common less are arrangements such, countries forest on rely often communities local While income and subsistence for services and goods common the sharing of ways, generation ,example For. defined well as not are benefits forest unprocessed of sale and collection the local to benefits fewer yield may products improve To. parties other to than populations monetary-non and monetary, situations such of part the on capacity institutional and accountability of Lack• .authority of breaches in result could governments local rate the increase could resources financial for need critical The• .deforestation of having sector one from activities with (externalities of cost The• particular a on fall could) sector the outside impact negative a a as society on than rather communities of group or region .whole .management resource of elsmod local and rules customary with interfere could laws New• local the to effectively passed be not might making-Decision• .level taken adequately be not might groups some of interests The• .consideration into issues new raises and risks brings Decentralization
PART I THE SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOREST SECTOR Support to private and community forestry in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1990, when privatization began in Central and Eastern sity within the same context. Taking the collaborative approach Europe, new forest ownership pattens have called for: one step further, FAO and IUCN are jointly developing a significantnumbersofprivate owners toorganizethemselves; programme to strengthen State forest services, to support forest State forest services to respond to new demands owners'associations, to assist with improving policy, legislative the institutional framework to adapt to current realities. and institutional frameworks, and to enhance the role of civil In response, FAO andthe World Conservation Union(IUCN), society in policy formulation and in the political debate on in consultation with country partners, have developed two sustainable forest management. The project will also benefit projects that share a vision of sustainable forestry in the region. from the technical support of the European Confederation of The FAO initiative focuses on strengthening private and com- Forest Owners, whose network is expanding in Central and munity forestry, while that of IUCN addresses biological diver- Eastern Europe arrangements, covering the short, medium or (NWFPs)used by the botanical medicine, long term, attempt to balance the interests of personal care, cosmetic and food industries those involved and to promote fair and Some trade initiatives strengthen local equitable sharing communities by focusing on a fair return, The sharing of profits from the sale of wood adequate benefits, tenure and customary rights, products can be partly addressed through and healthy work environments collaborative approaches to forest management Various benefit-sharing arrangements have also in which responsibilities are transferred to local been negotiated between pharmaceutical management. However, such transfers do not valuable natural biochemical and genetie e the ties. for forestry, social forestry or joint forest search for trade opportunities in commerc automatically increase the benefits to local resources(bioprospecting). Arrangements inhabitants. In the past, many revenue-sharing covering bioprospecting aim to ensure that the initiatives took place in forests where timb property rights of the providers of genetic production was limited so that the main resources and traditional know ledge are benefits shared were from non-wood products. respected, and that the benefits are equitably However, recent examples, such as those in distributed among members of the partnership, Chattisgarh, India(Sharma, 2002),are including local communities, governments and demonstrating that returns from forests are private companies. Other arrangements cover the being shared successfully, resulting in better increasing trade in environmental services, such management of the resource. New mechanisms credits for carbon sinks, and in wildlife products, based on enforced regulations and including photo safaris and trophy hunting decentralized fiscal systems are also These approaches have good pot encouraging, in that local populations obtain a strengthening local communities and contributing rger share of revenue from the sale of to the socially equitable, environmentally friendly fuelwood and other activities and economically viable use of forest products Benefit-sharing arrangements also cover a and services. However, implementation is still a wide range of non-wood forest products challenge, and additional efforts are required to
35 SECTOR FOREST THE IN DEVELOPMENTS AND SITUATION THE I PART or medium, short the covering, arrangements of interests the balance to attempt, term long and fair promote to and involved those .sharing equitable wood of sale the from profits of sharing The through addressed partly be can products management forest to approaches collaborative local to transferred are responsibilities which in community through example for, communities forest joint or forestry social, forestry not do transfers such, However. management local to benefits the increase automatically sharing-revenue many, past the In. inhabitants timber where forests in place took initiatives main the that so, limited was production .products wood-non from were shared benefits in those as such, examples recent, However are), 2002, Sharma (India, Chattisgarh are forests from returns that demonstrating better in resulting, successfully shared being mechanisms New. resource the of management and regulations enforced on based also are systems fiscal decentralized a obtain populations local that in, encouraging of sale the from revenue of share larger .activities other and fuelwood a cover also arrangements sharing-Benefit products forest wood-non of range wide Eastern and Central in began privatization when, 1990 Since :for called have patterns ownership forest new, Europe ;themselves organize to owners private of numbers significant• ;demands new to respond to services forest State• .realities current to adapt to framework institutional the• ,(IUCN (Union Conservation World the and FAO, response In two developed have, partners country with consultation in .region the in forestry sustainable of vision a share that projects approach collaborative the Taking. context same the within sitydiver biological addresses IUCN of that while, forestry munitycom and private strengthening on focuses initiative FAO The a developing jointly are IUCN and FAO, further step one forest support to, services forest State strengthen to programme legislative, policy improving with assist to, associations’ owners civil of role the enhance to and, frameworks institutional and on debate political the in and formulation policy in society benefit also will project The. management forest sustainable of Confederation European the of support technical the from and Central in expanding is network whose, Owners Forest .Europe Eastern Europe Eastern and Central in forestry community and private to Support ,medicine botanical the by used) NWFPs( .industries food and cosmetic, care personal local strengthen initiatives trade Some ,return fair a on focusing by communities ,rights customary and tenure, benefits adequate .environments work healthy and also have arrangements sharing-benefit Various pharmaceutical between negotiated been the cover to governments certain and companies commercially in opportunities trade for search genetic and biochemical natural valuable Arrangements). bioprospecting (resources the that ensure to aim bioprospecting covering genetic of providers the of rights property are knowledge traditional and resources equitably are benefits the that and, respected ,partnership the of members among distributed and governments, communities local including the cover arrangements Other. companies private as such, services environmental in trade increasing ,products wildlife in and, sinks carbon for credits .hunting trophy and safaris photo including for potential good have approaches These contributing and communities local strengthening friendly environmentally, equitable socially the to products forest of use viable economically and a still is implementation, However. services and to required are efforts additional and, challenge
STATE OF THE WORLDs FORESTs 2003 strengthen political stability and establish The following are some of the key events of the appropriate legal and institutional frameworks past two years. As a first step, more information is needed on Ministers from countries in east Asia and the how benefits are shared as a basis on which to Pacific met in Bali, Indonesia at the Forest Law build political will-a prerequisite for Enforcement and Governance( FLeg)east implementation of the concept Benefit sharing Asia Ministerial Conference and, for the first also needs to be linked to democratic decision- time, committed their governments to making at the national, regional and local levels. improving law enforcement and governa (September 2001) THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL The International Tropical Timber Council LOGGING AND ILLEGAL TRADE (TTC)proposed to undertake, in Illegal activities in the forest sector were collaboration with others, a global study to highlighted as a key issue in the State of the assess the extent, nature and causes of the World's Forests 2001(FAO, 2001b). Attention to illegal trade in timber and timber products forest crime has grown in the past two years, and and to conduct studies to devise ways for it is being discussed more openly than ever countries to enhance forest law enforcement before. While there are still too few data on illegal(November 2001) forest activities, the World Bank estimates that FAO organized a meeting with illegal logging results in annual losses of between representatives from governments, the US$10 billion and $15 billion of forest resources International Tropical Timber Organization from public lands. The international trade in (ITTO), the World Bank, NGOs and the forest illegally extracted timber is also a serious industry to exchange ideas on compliance em and policy options to reduce forest crime, Governments and NGOs are continuing their and to identify themes for international efforts to curb forest crime, while international action ( anuary 2002). FAO is now examining agencies and policy research institutions are ways of enhancing the contribution of forest stepping up their analyses of its extent and corporations in the prevention, monitoring impact. Several meetings have recently taken and suppression of illegal forest acts, and is place around the world and discussions are also analysing options for establishing generating further interest and additional partnerships to improve governance in the pressure to take action. Some benefit-sharing ar enable local commities to obtain a enviromental services and wildlife (United Republic of Tanzania
2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 36 establish and stability political strengthen .frameworks institutional and legal appropriate on needed is information more, step first a As to which on basis a as, shared are benefits how for prerequisite a – will political build sharing Benefit. concept the of implementation .levels local and regional, national the at makingdecision democratic to linked be to needs also ILLEGAL AGAINST FIGHT THE TRADE ILLEGAL AND LOGGING were sector forest the in activities Illegal the of State the in issue key a as highlighted to Attention). 2001b, FAO (2001 Forests s’World and, years two past the in grown has crime forest ever than openly more discussed being is it illegal on data few too still are there While. before that estimates Bank World the, activities forest between of losses annual in results logging illegal resources forest of billion 15 $and billion 10$US in trade international The. lands public from serious a also is timber extracted illegally .problem their continuing are NGOs and Governments international while, crime forest curb to efforts are institutions research policy and agencies and extent its of analyses their up stepping taken recently have meetings Several. impact are discussions and world the around place additional and interest further generating .action take to pressure the of events key the of some are following The .years two past the and Asia East in countries from Ministers• Law Forest the at Indonesia, Bali in met Pacific East) FLEG (Governance and Enforcement first the for, and Conference Ministerial Asia to governments their committed, time governance and enforcement law improving .(2001 September (sector forest the in Council Timber Tropical International The• in, undertake to proposed) ITTC( to study global a, others with collaboration the of causes and nature, extent the assess products timber and timber in trade illegal for ways devise to studies conduct to and enforcement law forest enhance to countries .(2001 November( with meeting a organized FAO• the, governments from representatives Organization Timber Tropical International forest the and NGOs, Bank World the), ITTO( compliance on ideas exchange to industry ,crime forest reduce to options policy and international for themes identify to and examining now is FAO). 2002 January (action forest of contribution the enhancing of ways monitoring, prevention the in corporations is and, acts forest illegal of suppression and establishing for options analysing also the in governance improve to partnerships .sector arrangements sharing-benefit Some a obtain to communities local enable in trade increasing the from return fair wildlife and services environmental safaris photo as such, products DUNN. K/17368/FAO (Tanzania of Republic United(