《微生物生物学》课程书籍文献：《Microbiology》微生物学PDF电子书（Lansing M. Prescott - McGraw-Hill，Fifth Edition）

Front Matte Instructor's Manual and Test Item File ons. and pas .The Labergt .A Course Consultant to answer your specific Acknowledgments Botsford,New Mexico State Pattle P.T.Pun.Wheaton College Alfred E.Brown.Auburn University Ronald Wayne Roncadori.Universiry of Univ Reviewers for the First and Second Editions van Roth Will of georia-athens Richard J.Alperin,Communiry College of College park Cc可rnt Richard P. Frank B.Dazzo,Michign Srate F.Ste Res Saskatchewan A.S.Dhaliwal,Loyola University of Moraine Valley re Linfield College Barbara Bruff Hemmingsen.Sn Diego Camlina Blake W r.Bates College B.0 Calvin Young.California State en Gre gory,Rollins College Universiry-Fullertor an H mbus Reviewers for the Third and Fourth Editions MariaA.Florida Intemational Robert I.Krasner Laurie A.Achenbach.Southern Illinois Robert Gunsalus.UCLA MacMurray College Joan Henson,Montana State University Colleg St.Amb Rice un Richard LMyers.Soulwest Missouri State University

Prescott−Harley−Klein: Microbiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2002 For the Instructor: • A complete Instructor’s Manual and Test Item File written by David Mullin of Tulane University. The Instructor’s Manual contains chapter overviews and objectives, correlation guides, and more. The Test Item File containing over 2,500 questions, and password protected, provides a powerful instructional tool. • T he Laboratory Resource Guide provides answers to all exercises in Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, Fifth Edition, by John P. Harley and Lansing M. Prescott. • Images and tables from the text in a downloadable format for classroom presentation. • Correlation guides for use of all resources available with the text and correlations of text material with the ASM Guidelines. • Answers to Critical Thinking Questions in the text. • Web Links to active microbiology sites and to other sites with teaching resources. • A Course Consultant to answer your specific questions about using McGraw-Hill resources with your syllabus. Preface xix Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the reviewers, who provided detailed criticism and analy￾sis. Their suggestions greatly improved the final product. Reviewers for the First and Second Editions Richard J. Alperin, Community College of Philadelphia Susan T. Bagley, Michigan Technological University Dwight Baker, Yale University R. A. Bender, University of Michigan Hans P. Blaschek, University of Illinois Dennis Bryant, University of Illinois Douglas E. Caldwell, University of Saskatchewan Arnold L. Demain, Massachusetts Institute of Technology A. S. Dhaliwal, Loyola University of Chicago Donald P. Durand, Iowa State University John Hare, Linfield College Robert B. Helling, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor Barbara Bruff Hemmingsen, San Diego State University R. D. Hinsdill, University of Wisconsin–Madison John G. Holt, Michigan State University Robert L. Jones, Colorado State University Martha M. Kory, University of Akron Robert I. Krasner, Providence College Ron W. Leavitt, Brigham Young University David Mardon, Eastern Kentucky University Glendon R. Miller, Wichita State University Richard L. Myers, Southwest Missouri State University G. A. O’Donovan, North Texas State University Pattle P. T. Pun, Wheaton College Ralph J. Rascati, Kennesaw State College Albert D. Robinson, SUNY–Potsdam Ronald Wayne Roncadori, University of Georgia–Athens Ivan Roth, University of Georgia–Athens Thomas Santoro, SUNY–New Paltz Ann C. Smith, University of Maryland, College Park David W. Smith, University of Delaware Paul Smith, University of South Dakota James F. Steenbergen, San Diego State University Henry O. Stone, Jr., East Carolina University James E. Struble, North Dakota State University Kathleen Talaro, Pasadena City College Thomas M. Terry, The University of Connecticut Michael J. Timmons, Moraine Valley Community College John Tudor, St. Joseph’s University Robert Twarog, University of North Carolina Blake Whitaker, Bates College Oscar Will, Augustana College Calvin Young, California State University–Fullerton Reviewers for the Third and Fourth Editions Laurie A. Achenbach, Southern Illinois University Gary Armour, MacMurray College Russell C. Baskett, Germanna Community College George N. Bennett, Rice University Prakash H. Bhuta, Eastern Washington University James L. Botsford, New Mexico State University Alfred E. Brown, Auburn University Mary Burke, Oregon State University David P. Clark, Southern Illinois University William H. Coleman, University of Hartford Donald C. Cox, Miami University Phillip Cunningham, Wayne State University Richard P. Cunningham, SUNY at Albany James Daly, Purchase College, SUNY Frank B. Dazzo, Michigan State University Valdis A. Dzelzkalns, Case Western Reserve University Richard J. Ellis, Bucknell University Merrill Emmett, University of Colorado at Denver Linda E. Fisher, University of Michigan–Dearborn John Fitzgerald, University of Georgia Harold F. Foerster, Sam Houston State University B. G. Foster, Texas A&M University Bernard Frye, University of Texas at Arlington Katharine B. Gregg, West Virginia Wesleyan College Eileen Gregory, Rollins College Van H. Grosse, Columbus College–Georgia Maria A. Guerrero, Florida International University Robert Gunsalus, UCLA Barbara B. Hemmingsen, San Diego State University Joan Henson, Montana State University William G. Hixon, St. Ambrose University John G. Holt, Michigan State University Ronald E. Hurlbert, Washington State University

Front Matter Preface XX EdL PR Michac M Yale Universitv Hen University of linoisat Rita Moy Texas A&M Universiry Padget. Roben Zdor,Andrews Universiry RichardA.Patrick.Summit Editorial Reviewers for the Fifth Edition Stephen Aley.Universiry of Teras at El Anthony News Middle Tennessee K.J.Reddy.SUNYR Susar Robert Benoit.Virginia Polytechnic Sabine Rech. Allen C.Rogerson.St.Lawrence MichaelJ.San Francisco,Texas Tech Paul Blum.Universiry of Nebraska n East Tenn James Champine.Southeast Missour Carl Sillman,Penn State Univ James Cooper University of Califomnia ith.rs Daniel DiMai William Staddon.Eastern Kentucky e Prairie Regional Mary LTaylor.Portland State Thomas Terry. University of Comnecticu Diane osch.Eastem Michigar Publicationof nle besides th ould not have beet ible without his authors.We wish to cial at orial and hankfor work In par sfor each chapter.T ce.patience. dding.and atly helped with the section m by Jam Our project worked hard to revise and improve both old and ne Zoila R. ore-Bustamente,Michael P Shiaris,Donald B.Tait. Finally.but mo t important we wish to extend anpreciation tributed immensely to the text'sc nty.consis cy,and read wants to thank Cicorge M.Ga -in-chief Donald A.Klein

Prescott−Harley−Klein: Microbiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2002 Robert J. Kearns, University of Dayton Henry Keil, Brunel University Tim Knight, Oachita Baptist University Robert Krasner, Providence College Michael J. Lemke, Kent State University Lynn O. Lewis, Mary Washington College B. T. Lingappa, College of the Holy Cross Vicky McKinley, Roosevelt University Billie Jo Mello, Mount Marty College James E. Miller, Delaware Valley College David A. Mullin, Tulane University Penelope J. Padgett, Shippensburg University Richard A. Patrick, Summit Editorial Group Bobbie Pettriess, Wichita State University Thomas Punnett, Temple University Jo Anne Quinlivan, Holy Names College K. J. Reddy, SUNY–Binghamton David C. Reff, Middle Georgia College Jackie S. Reynolds, Richland College Deborah Rochefort, Shepherd College Allen C. Rogerson, St. Lawrence University Michael J. San Francisco, Texas Tech University Phillip Scheverman, East Tennessee University Michael Shiaris, University of Massachusetts at Boston Carl Sillman, Penn State University Ann C. Smith, University of Maryland David W. Smith, University of Delaware Garriet W. Smith, University of South Carolina at Aiken John Stolz, Duquesne University Mary L. Taylor, Portland State University Thomas M. Terry, University of Connecticut Thomas M. Walker, University of Central Arkansas Patrick M. Weir, Felician College Jill M. Williams, University of Glamorgan Heman Witmer, University of Illinois at Chicago Elizabeth D. Wolfinger, Meredith College Robert Zdor, Andrews University Reviewers for the Fifth Edition Stephen Aley, University of Texas at El Paso Susan Bagley, Michigan Technological University Robert Benoit, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Dennis Bazylinski, Iowa State University Richard Bernstein, San Francisco State University Paul Blum, University of Nebraska Matthew Buechner, University of Kansas Mary Burke, Oregon State University James Champine, Southeast Missouri State University John Clausz, Carroll College James Cooper, University of California at Santa Barbara Daniel DiMaio, Yale University Leanne Field, University of Texas Philip Johnson, Grande Prairie Regional College Duncan Krause, University of Georgia Diane Lavett, Georgia Institute of Technology Ed Leadbetter, University of Connecticut Donald Lehman, University of Delaware Mark Maloney, Spelman College Maura Meade-Callahan, Allegheny College Ruslan Medzhitov, Yale University School of Medicine Al Mikell, University of Mississippi Craig Moyer, Western Washington University Rita Moyes, Texas A&M University David Mullin, Tulane University Richard Myers, Southwest Missouri State University Anthony Newsome, Middle Tennessee State University Wade Nichols, Illinois State University Ronald Porter, Pennsylvania State University Sabine Rech, San Jose State University Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Portland State University Thomas Schmidt, Michigan State University Linda Sherwood, Montana State University Michele Shuster, University of Pittsburgh Joan Slonczewski, Kenyon College Daniel Smith, Seattle University Kathleen C. Smith, Emory University James Snyder, University of Louisville School of Medicine William Staddon, Eastern Kentucky University John Stolz, DuQuesne University Thomas Terry, University of Connecticut James VandenBosch, Eastern Michigan University Publication of a textbook requires effort of many people besides the authors. We wish to express special appreciation to the editorial and production staffs of McGraw-Hill for their excellent work. In par￾ticular, we would like to thank Deborah Allen, our senior develop￾mental editor, for her guidance, patience, prodding, and support. Our project manager,Vicki Krug, supervised production of this very complex project with commendable attention to detail. Liz Rudder, our art editor, worked hard to revise and improve both old and new art for this edition. Beatrice Sussman, our copy editor for the second through fourth editions, once again corrected our errors and con￾tributed immensely to the text’s clarity, consistency, and readability. Each of us wishes to extend our appreciation to people who assisted us individually in completion of this project. Lansing Prescott wants to thank George M. Garrity, the editor-in-chief of the second edition of Bergey’s Manual, for his aid in the prepara￾tion of the fifth edition. Revision of the material on procaryotic xx Preface classification would not have been possible without his assis￾tance. We also much appreciate Amy Cheng Vollmer’s contribu￾tion of critical thinking questions for each chapter. They will sig￾nificantly enrich the student’s learning experience. John Harley was greatly helped with the section on bioterrorism by James Snyder. Donald Klein wishes to acknowledge the aid of Jeffrey O. Dawson, Frank B. Dazzo, Arnold L. Demain, Frank G. Ethridge, Zoila R. Flores-Bustamente, Michael P. Shiaris, Donald B. Tait, and Jean K. Whelan. Finally, but most important, we wish to extend appreciation to our families for their patience and encouragement, especially to our wives, Linda Prescott, Jane Harley, and Sandra Klein. To them, we dedicate this book. Lansing M. Prescott John P. Harley Donald A. Klein

Front Matte Visual Previev VISUAL PREVIEW -Opening Ouotes re designed to perk student interest and provide perspective on chapter contents microbiology. thaper Preface is compodeat ttoth the chapter into perspective at the start. PARTⅡ CHAPTER 5 Microbial Nutrition in the Mic hapte quickly locate topics of interest. significance,historical anecdotes.and descriptions of ary organism

Prescott−Harley−Klein: Microbiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Visual Preview © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2002 The next few pages show you the tools found throughout the text to help you in your study of microbiology. Opening Quotes are designed to perk student interest and provide perspective on chapter contents. Chapter Preface is composed of one or two short paragraphs that preview the chapter contents and relate it to the rest of the text. The preface is not a summary, but allows the student to put the chapter into perspective at the start. xxi VISUAL PREVIEW PART II Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control Chapter 5 Microbial Nutrition Chapter 6 Microbial Growth Chapter 7 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents CHAPTER 5 Microbial Nutrition Staphylococcus aureus forms large, golden colonies when growing on blood agar. This human pathogen causes diseases such as boils, abscesses, bacteremia, endocarditis, food poisoning, pharyngitis, and pneumonia. Outline 5.1 The Common Nutrient Requirements 96 5.2 Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 96 5.3 Nutritional Types of Microorganisms 97 5.4 Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur 98 5.5 Growth Factors 98 5.6 Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell 100 Facilitated Diffusion 100 Active Transport 101 Group Translocation 103 Iron Uptake 104 5.7 Culture Media 104 Synthetic or Defined Media 104 Complex Media 105 Types of Media 105 5.8 Isolation of Pure Cultures 106 The Spread Plate and Streak Plate 106 The Pour Plate 107 Colony Morphology and Growth 108 Concepts 1. Microorganisms require about 10 elements in large quantities, in part because they are used to construct carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Several other elements are needed in very small amounts and are parts of enzymes and cofactors. 2. All microorganisms can be placed in one of a few nutritional categories on the basis of their requirements for carbon, energy, and hydrogen atoms or electrons. 3. Nutrient molecules frequently cannot cross selectively permeable plasma membranes through passive diffusion. They must be transported by one of three major mechanisms involving the use of membrane carrier proteins. Eucaryotic microorganisms also employ endocytosis for nutrient uptake. 4. Culture media are needed to grow microorganisms in the laboratory and to carry out specialized procedures like microbial identification, water and food analysis, and the isolation of particular microorganisms. Many different media are available for these and other purposes. 5. Pure cultures can be obtained through the use of spread plates, streak plates, or pour plates and are required for the careful study of an individual microbial species. Chapter Outlines include all major headings in the chapter with section and page numbers. This helps the reader quickly locate topics of interest. Chapter Concepts briefly summarize some of the most important concepts the student should master. 7.1 Definition of Frequently Used Terms 137 We all labour against our own cure, for death is the cure of all diseases. —Sir Thomas Browne The chapters in Part II are concerned with the nutrition, growth, and control of microorganisms. This chapter ad￾dresses the subject of the nonspecific control and destruc￾tion of microorganisms, a topic of immense practical importance. Although many microorganisms are beneficial and necessary for human well-being, microbial activities may have undesirable con￾sequences, such as food spoilage and disease. Therefore it is es￾sential to be able to kill a wide variety of microorganisms or inhibit their growth to minimize their destructive effects. The goal is twofold: (1) to destroy pathogens and prevent their transmission, and (2) to reduce or eliminate microorganisms responsible for the contamination of water, food, and other substances. This chapter focuses on the control of microorganisms by non￾specific physical and chemical agents. Chapter 35 introduces the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy to control microbial disease. From the beginning of recorded history, people have practiced disinfection and sterilization, even though the existence of mi￾croorganisms was long unsuspected. The Egyptians used fire to sterilize infectious material and disinfectants to embalm bodies, and the Greeks burned sulfur to fumigate buildings. Mosaic law commanded the Hebrews to burn any clothing suspected of being contaminated with the leprosy bacterium. Today the ability to de￾stroy microorganisms is no less important: it makes possible the aseptic techniques used in microbiological research, the preser￾vation of food, and the prevention of disease. The techniques de￾scribed in this chapter are also essential to personal safety in both the laboratory and hospital (Box 7.1). There are several ways to control microbial growth that have not been included in this chapter, but they should be considered for a more complete picture of how microorganisms are con￾trolled. Chapter 6 describes the effects of osmotic activity, pH, temperature, O2, and radiation on microbial growth and survival (see pp. 121–31). Chapter 41 discusses the use of physical and chemical agents in food preservation (see pp. 000–00). 7.1 Definition of Frequently Used Terms Terminology is especially important when the control of mi￾croorganisms is discussed because words like disinfectant and an￾tiseptic often are used loosely. The situation is even more confus￾ing because a particular treatment can either inhibit growth or kill depending on the conditions. The ability to control microbial populations on inanimate ob￾jects, like eating utensils and surgical instruments, is of consider￾able practical importance. Sometimes it is necessary to eliminate all microorganisms from an object, whereas only partial destruc￾tion of the microbial population may be required in other situations. Sterilization [Latin sterilis, unable to produce offspring or barren] is the process by which all living cells, viable spores, viruses, and viroids (see chapter 18) are either destroyed or removed from an object or habitat. A sterile object is totally free of viable microor￾ganisms, spores, and other infectious agents. When sterilization is achieved by a chemical agent, the chemical is called a sterilant. In Personnel safety should be of major concern in all microbiology laboratories. It has been estimated that thousands of infections have been acquired in the laboratory, and many persons have died because of such infections. The two most common laboratory￾acquired bacterial diseases are typhoid fever and brucellosis. Most deaths have come from typhoid fever (20 deaths) and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (13 deaths). Infections by fungi (histoplasmosis) and viruses (Venezuelan equine encephalitis and hepatitis B virus from mon￾keys) are also not uncommon. Hepatitis is the most frequently reported laboratory-acquired viral infection, especially in people working in clin￾ical laboratories and with blood. In a survey of 426 U.S. hospital work￾ers, 40% of those in clinical chemistry and 21% in microbiology had an￾tibodies to hepatitis B virus, indicating their previous exposure (though only about 19% of these had disease symptoms). Efforts have been made to determine the causes of these infections in order to enhance the development of better preventive measures. Al￾though often it is not possible to determine the direct cause of infection, Box 7.1 Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory some major potential hazards are clear. One of the most frequent causes of disease is the inhalation of an infectious aerosol. An aerosol is a gaseous suspension of liquid or solid particles that may be generated by accidents and laboratory operations such as spills, centrifuge accidents, removal of closures from shaken culture tubes, and plunging of contam￾inated loops into a flame. Accidents with hypodermic syringes and nee￾dles, such as self-inoculation and spraying solutions from the needle, also are common. Hypodermics should be employed only when neces￾sary and then with care. Pipette accidents involving the mouth are an￾other major source of infection; pipettes should be filled with the use of pipette aids and operated in such a way as to avoid creating aerosols. People must exercise care and common sense when working with mi￾croorganisms. Operations that might generate infectious aerosols should be carried out in a biological safety cabinet. Bench tops and incubators should be disinfected regularly. Autoclaves must be maintained and oper￾ated properly to ensure adequate sterilization. Laboratory personnel should wash their hands thoroughly before and after finishing work. Boxed Readings are found in most chapters and describe items of interest that are not essential to the primary thrust of the chapter. Topics include currently exciting research areas, the practical impact of microbial activities, items of medical significance, historical anecdotes, and descriptions of extraordinary organisms

Viseal Preview hapte ature.References through early 2001 have been included. renced to the page on

Prescott−Harley−Klein: Microbiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Visual Preview © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2002 xxii Visual Preview Critical Thinking Questions contains questions designed to stimulate more analytical and synthetic reasoning. Questions for Thought and Review at the end of the chapter contains factual questions and some thought￾provoking questions to aid the student in reviewing, integrating, and applying the material in the chapter. Additional Reading 151 Additional Reading General Barkley, W. E., and Richardson, J. H. 1994. Laboratory safety. In Methods for general and molecular bacteriology, P. Gerhardt, et al., editors, 715–34. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. Block, S. S. 1992. Sterilization. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 1st ed., vol. 4, J. Lederberg, editor￾in-chief, 87–103. San Diego: Academic Press. Block, S. S., editor. 1991. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. Centers for Disease Control. 1987. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 36(Suppl. 2):3S–18S. Centers for Disease Control. 1988. Update: Universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 37(24):377–88. Centers for Disease Control. 1989. Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public-safety workers. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 38(Suppl. 6):1–37. Centers for Disease Control and National Institutes of Health. 1992. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories, 3d ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Collins, C. H., and Lyne, P. M. 1976. Microbiological methods, 4th ed. Boston: Butterworths. Henderson, D. K. 1995. HIV-1 in the health-care setting. In Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 4th ed., G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin editors, 2632–56. New York: Churchill Livingstone. Martin, M. A., and Wenzel, R. P. 1995. Sterilization, disinfection, and disposal of infectious waste. In Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 4th ed., G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin editors, 2579–87. New York: Churchill Livingstone. Perkins, J. J. 1969. Principles and methods of sterilization in health sciences, 2d ed. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. Pike, R. M. 1979. Laboratory-associated infections: Incidence, fatalities, causes, and prevention. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 33:41–66. Russell, A. D.; Hugo, W. B.; and Ayliffe, G. A. J., editors. 1992. Principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization, 2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Sewell, D. L. 1995. Laboratory-associated infections and biosafety. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8(3):389–405. Strain, B. A., and Gröschel, D. H. M. 1995. Laboratory safety and infectious waste management. In Manual of clinical microbiology, 6th ed., P. R. Murray, editor, 75–85. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. Warren, E. 1981. Laboratory safety. In Laboratory procedures in clinical microbiology, J. A. Washington, editor, 729–45. New York: Springer-Verlag. Widmer, A. F., and Frei, R. 1999. Decontamination, disinfection, and sterilization. In Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th ed., P. R. Murray, et al., editors, 138–64. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. 7.4 The Use of Physical Methods in Control Brock, T. D. 1983. Membrane filtration: A user’s guide and reference manual. Madison, Wis.: Science Tech Publishers. Sørhaug, T. 1992. Temperature control. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 1st ed., vol. 4, J. Lederberg, editor-in-chief, 201–11. San Diego: Academic Press. 7.5 The Use of Chemical Agents in Control Belkin, S.; Dukan, S.; Levi, Y.; and Touati, D. 1999. Death by disinfection: Molecular approaches to understanding bacterial sensitivity and resistance to free chlorine. In Microbial ecology and infectious disease, E. Rosenberg, editor, 133–42. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. Borick, P. M. 1973. Chemical sterilization. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross. McDonnell, G., and Russell, A. D. 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12(1):147–79. Russell, A. D. 1990. Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3(2):99–119. Rutala, W. A., and Weber, D. J. 1997. Uses of inorganic hypochlorite (bleach) in health-care facilities. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10(4):597–610. Dilution Bacterial Growth after Treatment Disinfectant A Disinfectant B Disinfectant C 1/20


1/40

1/80
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Critical Thinking Questions 1. Throughout history, spices have been used as preservatives and to cover up the smell/taste of food that is slightly spoiled. The success of some spices led to a magical, ritualized use of many of them and possession of spices was often limited to priests or other powerful members of the community. a. Choose a spice and trace its use geographically and historically. What is its common-day use today? b. Spices grow and tend to be used predominantly in warmer climates. Explain. 2. Design an experiment to determine whether an antimicrobial agent is acting as a cidal or static agent. How would you determine whether an agent is suitable for use as an antiseptic rather than as a disinfectant? 3. Suppose that you are testing the effectiveness of disinfectants with the phenol coefficient test and obtained the following results. What disinfectant can you safely say is the most effective? Can you determine its phenol coefficient from these results? Chapter Summaries are a series of brief numbered statements designed to serve more as a study guide than as a complete, detailed summary of the chapter. Useful tables and figures are cited in the summary. Key Terms is a list of all boldfaced terms and is provided at the end of the chapter to emphasize the most significant facts and concepts. Each term is page-referenced to the page on which the term is first introduced in the chapter. 224 Chapter 10 Metabolism:The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis Key Terms acyl carrier protein (ACP) 220 adenine 217 anaplerotic reactions 216 assimilatory nitrate reduction 211 assimilatory sulfate reduction 210 autolysins 223 bactoprenol 221 Calvin cycle 207 carboxysomes 207 CO2 fixation 216 cytosine 217 dissimilatory sulfate reduction 210 fatty acid 218 fatty acid synthetase 218 gluconeogenesis 209 glutamate dehydrogenase 211 glutamate synthase 211 glutamine synthetase 211 glyoxylate cycle 216 guanine 217 macromolecule 205 monomers 205 nitrate reductase 212 nitrite reductase 212 nitrogenase 213 nitrogen fixation 212 nucleoside 217 nucleotide 217 phosphatase 210 phosphatidic acid 220 phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate 210 purine 216 pyrimidine 216 ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase 208 self-assembly 207 thymine 217 transaminases 221 transpeptidation 223 triacylglycerol 220 turnover 205 uracil 217 uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) 209 Summary 1. In biosynthesis or anabolism, cells use energy to construct complex molecules from smaller, simpler precursors. 2. Many important cell constituents are macromolecules, large polymers constructed of simple monomers. 3. Although many catabolic and anabolic pathways share enzymes for the sake of efficiency, some of their enzymes are separate and independently regulated. 4. Macromolecular components often undergo self-assembly to form the final molecule or complex. 5. Photosynthetic CO2 fixation is carried out by the Calvin cycle and may be divided into three phases: the carboxylation phase, the reduction phase, and the regeneration phase (figure 10.4). Three ATPs and two NADPHs are used during the incorporation of one CO2. 6. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose and related sugars from nonglucose precursors. 7. Glucose, fructose, and mannose are gluconeogenic intermediates or made directly from them; galactose is synthesized with nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Bacteria and algae synthesize glycogen and starch from adenosine diphosphate glucose. 8. Phosphorus is obtained from inorganic or organic phosphate. 9. Microorganisms can use cysteine, methionine, and inorganic sulfate as sulfur sources. Sulfate is reduced to sulfide during assimilatory sulfate reduction. 10. Ammonia nitrogen can be directly assimilated by the activity of transaminases and either glutamate dehydrogenase or the glutamine synthetase–glutamate synthase system (figures 10.10–10.12). 11. Nitrate is incorporated through assimilatory nitrate reduction catalyzed by the enzymes nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. 12. Nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex. Atmospheric molecular nitrogen is reduced to ammonia, which is then incorporated into amino acids (figures 10.14 and 10.16). 13. Amino acid biosynthetic pathways branch off from the central amphibolic pathways (figure 10.17). 14. Anaplerotic reactions replace TCA cycle intermediates to keep the cycle in balance while it supplies biosynthetic precursors. Many anaplerotic enzymes catalyze CO2 fixation reactions. The glyoxylate cycle is also anaplerotic. 15. Purines and pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases found in DNA, RNA, and other molecules. The purine skeleton is synthesized beginning with ribose 5-phosphate and initially produces inosinic acid. Pyrimidine biosynthesis starts with carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate, and ribose is added after the skeleton has been constructed. 16. Fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH by the fatty acid synthetase system. During synthesis the intermediates are attached to the acyl carrier protein. Double bonds can be added in two different ways. 17. Triacylglycerols are made from fatty acids and glycerol phosphate. Phosphatidic acid is an important intermediate in this pathway. 18. Phospholipids like phosphatidylethanolamine can be synthesized from phosphatidic acid by forming CDP-diacylglycerol, then adding an amino acid. 19. Peptidoglycan synthesis is a complex process involving both UDP derivatives and the lipid carrier bactoprenol, which transports NAM-NAG-pentapeptide units across the cell membrane. Cross-links are formed by transpeptidation (figures 10.28 and 10.29). 20. Peptidoglycan synthesis occurs in discrete zones in the cell wall. Existing peptidoglycan is selectively degraded by autolysins so new material can be added. Additional Reading 225 Additional Reading General Caldwell, D. R. 2000. Microbial physiology and metabolism 2d ed. Belmont, Calif.: Star Publishing. Communications, Inc. Dawes, I. W., and Sutherland, I. W. 1992. Microbial physiology, 2d ed. Boston, Mass.: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Garrett, R. H., and Grisham, C. M. 1999. Biochemistry, 2d ed. New York: Saunders. Gottschalk, G. 1986. Bacterial metabolism, 2d ed. New York: Springer-Verlag. Lehninger, A. L.; Nelson, D. L.; and Cox, M. M. 1993. Principles of biochemistry, 2d ed. New York: Worth Publishers. Mandelstam, J.; McQuillen, K.; and Dawes, I. 1982. Biochemistry of bacterial growth, 3d ed. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Mathews, C. K., and van Holde, K. E. 1996. Biochemistry, 2d ed. Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings. Moat, A. G., and Foster, J. W. 1995. Microbial physiology, 3d ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Neidhardt, F. C.; Ingraham, J. L.; and Schaechter, M. 1990. Physiology of the bacterial cell: A molecular approach. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Voet, D., and Voet, J. G. 1995. Biochemistry, 2d ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons. White, D. 1995. The physiology and biochemistry of procaryotes. New York: Oxford University Press. Zubay, G. 1998. Biochemistry, 4th ed. Dubuque, Iowa: WCB/McGraw-Hill. 10.2 The Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2 Schlegel, H. G., and Bowien, B., editors. 1989. Autotrophic bacteria. Madison, Wis.: Science Tech Publishers. Yoon, K.-S.; Hanson, T. E.; Gibson, J. L.; and Tabita, F. R. 2000. Autotrophic CO2 metabolism. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 2d ed., vol. 1, J. Lederberg, editor-in-chief, 349–58. San Diego: Academic Press. 10.4 The Assimilation of Inorganic Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Brill, W. J. 1977. Biological nitrogen fixation. Sci. Am. 236(3):68–81. Dean, D. R.; Bolin, J. T.; and Zheng, L. 1993. Nitrogenase metalloclusters: Structures, organization, and synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 175(21):6737–44. Dilworth, M., and Glenn, A. R. 1984. How does a legume nodule work? Trends Biochem. Sci. 9(12):519–23. Glenn, A. R., and Dilworth, M. J. 1985. Ammonia movements in rhizobia. Microbiol. Sci. 2(6):161–67. Howard, J. B., and Rees, D. C. 1994. Nitrogenase: A nucleotide-dependent molecular switch. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:235–64. Knowles, R. 2000. Nitrogen cycle. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 2d ed., vol. 3, J. Lederberg, editor-in-chief, 379–91. San Diego: Academic Press. Kuykendall, L. D.; Dadson, R. B.; Hashem, F. M.; and Elkan, G. H. 2000. Nitrogen fixation. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 2d ed., vol. 3, J. Lederberg, editor-in-chief, 392–406. San Diego: Academic Press. Lens, P., and Pol, L. H. 2000. Sulfur cycle. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 2d ed., vol. 4, J. Lederberg, editor-in-chief, 495–505. San Diego: Academic Press. Luden, P. W. 1991. Energetics of and sources of energy for biological nitrogen fixation. In Current topics in bioenergetics, vol. 16, 369–90. San Diego: Academic Press. Mora, J. 1990. Glutamine metabolism and cycling in Neurospora crassa. Microbiol. Rev. 54(3):293–304. Peters, J. W.; Fisher, K.; and Dean, D. R. 1995. Nitrogenase structure and function: A biochemical-genetic perspective. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49:335–66. 10.10 Patterns of Cell Wall Formation Doyle, R. J.; Chaloupka, J.; and Vinter, V. 1988. Turnover of cell walls in microorganisms. Microbiol. Rev. 52(4):554–67. Harold, F. M. 1990. To shape a cell: An inquiry into the causes of morphogenesis of microorganisms. Microbiol. Rev. 54(4):381–431. Höltje, J.-V. 1998. Growth of the stress-bearing and shape-maintaining murein sacculus of Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62(1):181–203. Höltje, J.-V. 2000. Cell walls, bacterial. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 2d ed., vol. 1, J. Lederberg, editor-in-chief, 759–71. San Diego: Academic Press. Koch, A. L. 1995. Bacterial growth and form. New York: Chapman & Hall. Nanninga, N.; Wientjes, F. B.; Mulder, E.; and Woldringh, C. L. 1992. Envelope growth in Escherichia coli—Spatial and temporal organization. In Prokaryotic structure and function, S. Mohan, C. Dow, and J. A. Coles, editors, 185–222. New York: Cambridge University Press. Questions for Thought and Review 1. Discuss the relationship between catabolism and anabolism. How does anabolism depend on catabolism? 2. Suppose that a microorganism was growing on a medium that contained amino acids but no sugars. In general terms how would it synthesize the pentoses and hexoses it required? 3. Activated carriers participate in carbohydrate, lipid, and peptidoglycan synthesis. Briefly describe these carriers and their roles. 4. Which two enzymes discussed in the chapter appear to be specific to the Calvin cycle? 5. Why can phosphorus be directly incorporated into cell constituents whereas sulfur and nitrogen often cannot? 6. What is unusual about the synthesis of peptides that takes place during peptidoglycan construction? Critical Thinking Questions 1. In metabolism important intermediates are covalently attached to carriers, as if to mark these as important so the cell does not lose track of them. Think about a hotel placing your room key on a very large ring. List a few examples of these carriers and indicate whether they are involved primarily in anabolism or catabolism. 2. Intermediary carriers are in a limited supply— when they cannot be recycled because of a metabolic block, serious consequences ensue. Think of some examples of these consequences. Additional Readings are provided for further study. Most are reviews, monographs, and Scientific American articles rather than original research papers. Publications cited in these reviews introduce sufficiently interested students to the research literature. References through early 2001 have been included. The reference sections are organized into topical groups that correspond to the major sections in each chapter. This arrangement provides ease of access for students interested in particular topics.

Front Matt Visual Previev with the chapter Numbered headings identify each maior topic and are used for oughout the text and the accompanying 3 00 兰连 Multimedia-Supported Illustrations appear throughout the and Function Book Cell Peptidoglycan Topic pp.2-3

Prescott−Harley−Klein: Microbiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Visual Preview © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2002 Review Questions appear in small boxes at the end of most major sections. These questions help the student master the section’s factual material and major concepts before continuing with the chapter. Numbered Headings identify each major topic and are used for easy reference throughout the text and the accompanying laboratory manual. Multimedia-Supported Illustrations appear throughout the text. To facilitate finding corresponding full-color video, animations, or interactive screens from the third edition of Microbes in Motion, a correlation guide is provided on the CD￾ROM, on the Student Online Learning Center, and in the Student Study Guide. Microbes in Motion, Third Edition, CD-ROM is organized into 18 topical “books,” the books are divided into “chapters,” and the chapters have numbered “pages.” For each multimedia￾supported illustration, the correlation guide directs the reader to the book, chapter, and page on the CD-ROM where corresponding material can be found. Figure 3.23 Bacterial Structure and Function Book Cell Wall Chapter Peptidoglycan Topic pp. 2–3 Visual Preview xxiii 3.5 The Procaryotic Cell Wall 59 Figure 3.23 The Gram-Negative Envelope. Phospholipid Integral protein Lipopolysaccharide Peptidoglycan O-specific side chains Porin Braun’s lipoprotein Outer membrane Periplasmic space and peptidoglycan Plasma membrane nucleosome. Thus DNA gently isolated from chromatin looks like a string of beads. The stretch of DNA between the beads or nucle￾osomes, the linker region, varies in length from 14 to over 100 base pairs. Histone H1 appears to associate with the linker regions to aid the folding of DNA into more complex chromatin structures (fig￾ure 11.9b). When folding reaches a maximum, the chromatin takes the shape of the visible chromosomes seen in eucaryotic cells dur￾ing mitosis and meiosis (see figure 4.20). 1. What are nucleic acids? How do DNA and RNA differ in structure? 2. Describe in some detail the structure of the DNA double helix. What does it mean to say that the two strands are complementary and antiparallel? 3. What are histones and nucleosomes? Describe the way in which DNA is organized in the chromosomes of procaryotes and eucaryotes. 11.3 DNA Replication The replication of DNA is an extraordinarily important and com￾plex process, one upon which all life depends. We shall first dis￾cuss the overall pattern of DNA synthesis and then examine the mechanism of DNA replication in greater depth. Patterns of DNA Synthesis Watson and Crick published their description of DNA structure in April 1953. Almost exactly one month later, a second paper ap￾peared in which they suggested how DNA might be replicated. They hypothesized that the two strands of the double helix unwind from one another and separate (figure 11.10). Free nucleotides now line up along the two parental strands through complementary base pairing—A with T, G with C (figure 11.7). When these nu￾cleotides are linked together by one or more enzymes, two replicas result, each containing a parental DNA strand and a newly formed strand. Research in subsequent years has proved Watson and Crick’s hypothesis correct. Replication patterns are somewhat different in procaryotes and eucaryotes. For example, when the circular DNA chromo￾some of E. coli is copied, replication begins at a single point, the origin. Synthesis occurs at the replication fork, the place at which the DNA helix is unwound and individual strands are repli￾cated. Two replication forks move outward from the origin until they have copied the whole replicon, that portion of the genome that contains an origin and is replicated as a unit. When the repli￾cation forks move around the circle, a structure shaped like the Greek letter theta () is formed (figure 11.11). Finally, since the bacterial chromosome is a single replicon, the forks meet on the other side and two separate chromosomes are released. 11.3 DNA Replication 235 Parental helix G C A T G C T A T A G C A T A T A C G C G A T A T G G C A T T A C G C T A A T G C New New Parental 5′ 3′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ Parental A T A T G C A T T A C G C T A A T G C Replication fork Replicas G Figure 11.10 Semiconservative DNA Replication. The replication fork of DNA showing the synthesis of two progeny strands. Newly synthesized strands are in maroon. Each copy contains one new and one old strand. This process is called semiconservative replication. Origin Replication forks Figure 11.11 Bidirectional Replication. The replication of a circular bacterial genome. Two replication forks move around the DNA forming theta-shaped intermediates. Newly replicated DNA double helix is in red.