厦门大学：《物理化学 Physical Chemistry》课程电子教案（PPT教学课件，英文版）chapter10-2 Nonideal Solutions

Physical Chemistry Nonideal Solutions Solutions of electrolytes N on-electrolyte solutions The solute is not present as ions Electrolyte solutions The solute is ionized and the ions generally interact strongly with each other MX→vM+vM (10.33) Vs Numbers of ions in the chemical formula(integers) zs Charges of ions in the chemical formula Ba(NO3)2>Ba+2NO3 2: 1 electrolyte MaSO,→2Na++SO 1: 2 electrolyte BaSoa>Ba2++S0 2: 2 electrolyte

Solutions of Electrolytes Nonideal Solutions Non-electrolyte solutions The solute is not present as ions Electrolyte solutions The solute is ionized and the ions generally interact strongly with each other. + + − − + − → + z z M  X   M  M (10.33) 's Numbers of ions in the chemical formula (integers) z's Charges of ions in the chemical formula + − → + 3 2 Ba(NO3 ) 2 Ba 2NO + − → + 2 Na2 SO4 2Na SO4 + − → + 2 4 2 BaSO4 Ba SO 2:1 electrolyte 1:2 electrolyte 2:2 electrolyte Physical Chemistry

Physical Chemistry Nonideal Solutions s Chemical Potentials in Electrolyte Solutions MⅩ→vM++vM (10.33 G 10.34 G an, T,P,nj*+ an 7,P,n G an T P Since u+ and u are not measurable, define u, (the chemical potentials of the electrolyte as a whole) in solution G W;\On, T,P,mA (10.35)

Chemical Potentials in Electrolyte Solutions Nonideal Solutions Since + and - are not measurable, define i (the chemical potentials of the electrolyte as a whole) in solution + + − − + − → + z z M  X   M  M (10.33) T P n j i i i n G             , ,  +            + + T P n j n G , ,  −            − − T P n j n G , ,  T P nA i i n G , ,             (10.35) (10.34) Physical Chemistry

Physical Chemistry Nonideal Solutions Chemical Potentials in Electrolyte Solutions G (10.35) T Pn Similar definition for other partial molar properties of the electrolyte as a whole T Pn dG=-sdT+vaP+uana +u,dn++u_dn(10.36 fror MX→M2+vM (10.33 n =v n

Chemical Potentials in Electrolyte Solutions Nonideal Solutions T P nA i i n G , ,             (10.35) T P nA i i n V V , ,            Similar definition for other partial molar properties of the electrolyte as a whole. dG = −SdT +VdP+  A dnA + + dn+ + − dn− (10.36) + + − − + − → + z z M  X   M  M (10.33) from n+ = + ni n− = − ni Physical Chemistry