Chapter 3 Basic Instrumentation for Nuclear Technology Outline of experiment 1. Accelerators get particles(e.g. protons,.) 2. Detectors accelerate them throw them against each other observe and record what happens 3. Reactors analyse and interpret the data
Chapter 3. Basic Instrumentation for Nuclear Technology 1. Accelerators 2. Detectors 3. Reactors Outline of experiment: • get particles (e.g. protons, …) • accelerate them • throw them against each other • observe and record what happens • analyse and interpret the data
1. Accelerators History-Why Particle sources Acceleration stage Space charge Diagnostics Application
• History-Why • Particle Sources • Acceleration stage • Space charge • Diagnostics • Application 1.Accelerators
Natures particle accelerators Examples from the nature electrostatic discharge a and B-decays, cosmic rays Naturally occurring radioactive sources Up to 5 Mev alpha's(helium nuclei) Up to 3 Mev Beta particles ( electrons) Natural sources are difficult and limited Chemical processing: purity messy, and expensive Low intensity Poor geometry Uncontrolled energies, usually very broad
Nature’s Particle Accelerators • Naturally occurring radioactive sources: – Up to 5 MeV Alpha’s (helium nuclei) – Up to 3 MeV Beta particles (electrons) • Natural sources are difficult and limited: – Chemical processing: purity, messy, and expensive – Low intensity – Poor geometry – Uncontrolled energies, usually very broad Examples from the nature – electrostatic discharge, α- and β-decays, cosmic rays
“ Start the ball! olling. 1927: Lord rutherford requested a "copious supply"of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles. At the opening of the resulting High Tension Laboratory, rutherford went on to reiterate the goal What we require is an apparatus to give us a potential of the order of 10 million volts which can be safely accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power. We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltage. I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical
“Start the ball rolling…” 1927: Lord Rutherford requested a “copious supply” of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles. At the opening of the resulting High Tension Laboratory, Rutherford went on to reiterate the goal: What we require is an apparatus to give us a potential of the order of 10 million volts which can be safely accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power. We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltage… I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical
Why study. The construction, design and operation of particle accelerators uses knowledge from different branches of physics electromagnetism, high frequency electronics solid states physics, optics, vacuum technology, cryogenIcs, Learning about particle accelerator is a good opportunity to learn about many different physical phenomenon
5 Why study... • The construction, design and operation of particle accelerators uses knowledge from different branches of physics: electromagnetism, high frequency electronics, solid states physics, optics, vacuum technology, cryogenics, ... • Learning about particle accelerator is a good opportunity to learn about many different physical phenomenon