UKWAS UNFF United Kingdom Woodland Assurance Scheme United Nations forum on forests UNCED NCMC United Nations Conference on Environment and World Conservation Monitoring Centre Development WCPA UN-ECE World Commission on Protected Areas(IUCN) United Nations Econ WMO UNEP World Meteorological Organization United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO World Resources Institute United Nations Educational. scientific and cultural WTO World Trade Organization UNF WWF United Nations Foundation World Wide Fund for Nature
141 UKWAS United Kingdom Woodland Assurance Scheme UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UN-ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNF United Nations Foundation UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN) WMO World Meteorological Organization WRI World Resources Institute WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
142 ANNEX 2 DATA TABLES
142 ANNEX 2 DATA TABLES
143 EXPLANATORY NOTES GENERAL TABLE 2 and TABlE 3 Country/area nomenclature and regional groups used in the data These figures for 2000 represent the most current global data table set available for forest area and forest area change. The source The countrylarea names and order used in these tables of the data is the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Project follow standard UN practice regarding nomenclature and al- Adjustments to the standard reference years 1990 and 2000 phabetical listing Data for"China" incorporate values for China were made by FAO. "Total forest" is the sum of natural forest (including Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region and Macao plus forest plantations. Forest area change is the net change in Special Administrative Region) and for Taiwan Province of forests and includes expansion of forest plantations and losses China. Theregional groupsused in these tablesrepresent FAOs and gains in the area of natural forests standardized regional breakdown of the world according to In Table 2, "volume"refers to total volume over bark of living geographic- not economic or political -criteria trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height. "Biomass"refers to above-ground massof thewoody part(stem, bark, branches, twigs) of trees(alive or dead), shrubs and bushes. For industrialized Numbers may not tally because of rounding countries(i.e. Europe, CIScountries, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States), the stem volume for all living trees Abbreviations has been used for the volume figure. Some variation as to the minimum diameter applied is reported in UN-ECE/FAO (2000b) GNP= gross national product n.S.= not significant, indicating a very small value TABLE 4 n.a. not available not available ble summarizes information collected for fra 2000 on the n ap. not applicable tus and trends of forest management as of the end of 2000. It includes information by cou aunty on membership of ecoregional TABLE 1 processes on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest man- agement, the area of forest under management plans, the area of The"land area"figure refers to the total area of a country, forest under legal protection status and the area of forest certified excluding areas under inland water bodies. The source of these under various certification scheme data is the FAO Production Yearbook 1998(FAO, 1999b), except in the case of 17 countries(marked in the table with an asterisk) Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management whose land areas have been amended to reflect data recently Criteria and indicators processes are abbreviated as follows provided to FAO by these countries. The forest cover figure for ATO=African Timber Organization each country has been calibrated to the countrys land area. DZAf Dry-Zone Africa Process on Criteria and Indicators for Population statistics on total population, population density Sustainable Forest Management and annual rate of change are taken from World population DFAS =Regional Initiative for the Development and Implemen- ospects-the 1998revision(UN, 1999). The source ofRural tation of National Level Criteria and Indicators for the Sustain population"data is World urbanization prospects-the 1996 able Management of Dry Forests in Asia The source of the economic data is World Development for Sustainable Forest Managemen, on Criteria and Indicators revision(UN, 1997) Indicators 1999(World Bank, 2000c). The GNP per capita ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization figure represents the gross national product(GNP)divided by LEP= Lepaterique Process of Central America on Criteria and the mid-year population. The data are in constant 1995 Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management US dollars. The annual percentage growth rate figures of gross MON= Montreal Process on Criteria and Indicators for the Con domestic product(GDP)are based on constant local currency. servation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Bo- real forests
143 TABLE 2 and TABLE 3 These figures for 2000 represent the most current global data set available for forest area and forest area change. The source of the data is the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Project. Adjustments to the standard reference years 1990 and 2000 were made by FAO. “Total forest” is the sum of natural forest plus forest plantations. Forest area change is the net change in forests and includes expansion of forest plantations and losses and gains in the area of natural forests. In Table 2, “volume” refers to total volume over bark of living trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height. “Biomass” refers to above-ground mass of the woody part (stem, bark, branches, twigs) of trees (alive or dead), shrubs and bushes. For industrialized countries (i.e. Europe, CIS countries, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States), the stem volume for all living trees has been used for the volume figure. Some variation as to the minimum diameter applied is reported in UN-ECE/FAO (2000b). TABLE 4 The table summarizes information collected for FRA 2000 on the status and trends of forest management as of the end of 2000. It includes information by country on membership of ecoregional processes on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, the area of forest under management plans, the area of forest under legal protection status and the area of forest certified under various certification schemes. Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management Criteria and indicators processes are abbreviated as follows: ATO = African Timber Organization DZAf = Dry-Zone Africa Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management DFAs = Regional Initiative for the Development and Implementation of National Level Criteria and Indicators for the Sustainable Management of Dry Forests in Asia EUR = Pan-European Forest Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management ITTO = International Tropical Timber Organization LEP = Lepaterique Process of Central America on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management MON = Montreal Process on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests EXPLANATORY NOTES GENERAL Country/area nomenclature and regional groups used in the data tables The country/area names and order used in these tables follow standard UN practice regarding nomenclature and alphabetical listing. Data for “China” incorporate values for China (including Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region) and for Taiwan Province of China. The regional groups used in these tables represent FAO’s standardized regional breakdown of the world according to geographic – not economic or political – criteria. Totals Numbers may not tally because of rounding. Abbreviations GDP = gross domestic product GNP = gross national product n.s. = not significant, indicating a very small value n.a. = not available - = not available n.ap. = not applicable TABLE 1 The “land area” figure refers to the total area of a country, excluding areas under inland water bodies. The source of these data is the FAO Production Yearbook 1998 (FAO, 1999b), except in the case of 17 countries (marked in the table with an asterisk) whose land areas have been amended to reflect data recently provided to FAO by these countries. The forest cover figure for each country has been calibrated to the country’s land area. Population statistics on total population, population density and annual rate of change are taken from World population prospects – the 1998 revision (UN, 1999). The source of “Rural population” data is World urbanization prospects – the 1996 revision (UN, 1997). The source of the economic data is World Development Indicators 1999 (World Bank, 2000c). The GNP per capita figure represents the gross national product (GNP) divided by the mid-year population. The data are in constant 1995 US dollars. The annual percentage growth rate figures of gross domestic product (GDP) are based on constant local currency. 143
14 NE= Near East Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable For Finland, the original figure provided was 18.6 million ha Forest Manageme However, a total of 21.9 million ha of forest had been certified TARA Tarapoto Proposal of Criteria and Indicators for as of December 2000. As this implies the existence of a manage- tainability of the Amazon Forest ment regime, the higher figure was used All 29 ITTO producer countries have been involved in the For Italy, only forests with specific management plans were development of the IT TO Criteria and Indicators; however, only included. All other forests in the country are submitted to general those countries implementing the IT TO criteria and indicators as silvicultural prescriptions part of an ITTO project are included in the table. The remaining For Guyana, the figure represents the area under concession ITTO producer countries are also members of other ongoing agreements, as all concessionaires are required to prepare a forest quisite to government app oping and implementing criteria and indicators under separate, Numbers with an asterisk ()represent partial data, as national but linked, initiatives (e.g. Lepaterique, Tarapoto and ATO). figures were not available Bosnia-Herzegovina, Georgia, San Marino and Yugoslavia were invited to join the Pan-European Forest Process as of De- Forest in protected areas cember 2000 and have been included in the table "Forest in protected areas "refers to areas within IUCN Catego- Cuba and the Lao People's Democratic Republic have devel- ries I to VI for nature protection. The " Country report data"col ped national level criteria and indicators for sustainable forest umn gives figures provided in country submissions to FRA 2000 management without being members of any of the above pro- in which the term "protection"was interpreted broadly, particu cesses larly for IUCN Categories v to Vl, which may include areas under general forest management. The"Global map data"col Area under forest management plans umn gives figures derived from an overlay of the FRA 2000 Different definitions for the area of forest under management global maps of forest cover and the FRA 2000 (in partnership plans were used for developing and industrialized countries. with UNEP-WCMC)global mapping of protected areas with a The definition used for developing countries is"The area of legal protection status. Percentages refer to the percentage of forest which is managed for various purposes(conservation, total forest area under protected area status oduction, other) in accordance with a formal, nationally ap- proved management plan over a sufficiently long period (five Forest areas certified years or more). The definition used for industrialized countries The cumulative area of forests certified under the following urope, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, CIS countries, Japan, Australia, schemes is listed New Zealand, Canada and the United States)also included ar- ATFP= American Tree Farm Program (as of December 2000) eas with a regularly applied informal plan, and areas where a CSA= Canada's National Sustainable Forest Management Sys decision has been made not to manage the forests at all (UN- tem Standard (as of 21 December 2000) ECE/FAO, 2000b). For this reason, regional totals are not pro- FSC= Forest Stewardship Council -Accredited Certification vided in the table Bodies(as of 31 December 2000) The figures for area under forest management plans were GT= Green Tag (United States)(as of 31 December 2000) taken from national reports and calculated as a percentage of the PEFC =Pan-European Forest Certification (national schemes total forest area in 2000. Where national reports indicated that endorsed by the PEFC Council)(as of December 2000 all forests were under management, the percentage was set to SFl Sustainable Forest Initiative Program-American Forest 100 percent. Partial data were obtained from a variety of pub- and Paper Association(for Canada, as of 21 December 2000; for lished sources the United States, as of October 2000) For Georgia, forests classified as"undisturbed"were not in- Although more than 29 million ha of land wereenrolled in SFI For the Philippines, the figure represents the aggregated area independently certified are include those areas that were cluded in the reported figure overed by tenurial agreements for forest land" and includes Areas certified under the ISo 14001 Environmental Manage- areas that were not defined as forests according to the FRA 2000 ment System Standard scheme (e.g. about 30 980 000 ha in definition. A forest management plan is required under these Canada and more than 300 000 ha in New Zealand) are in- agreements, but may not have been formally approved for all cluded only if also certified under specific forest certification areas For Australia, only forests managed for wood supply were Ghana, Malaysia and Indonesia, among others, are develop- included ing national certification schemes under which additional areas
144 NE = Near East Process on Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management TARA = Tarapoto Proposal of Criteria and Indicators for Sustainability of the Amazon Forest All 29 ITTO producer countries have been involved in the development of the ITTO Criteria and Indicators; however, only those countries implementing the ITTO criteria and indicators as part of an ITTO project are included in the table. The remaining ITTO producer countries are also members of other ongoing international processes on criteria and indicators and are developing and implementing criteria and indicators under separate, but linked, initiatives (e.g. Lepaterique, Tarapoto and ATO). Bosnia-Herzegovina, Georgia, San Marino and Yugoslavia were invited to join the Pan-European Forest Process as of December 2000 and have been included in the table. Cuba and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have developed national level criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management without being members of any of the above processes. Area under forest management plans Different definitions for the area of forest under management plans were used for developing and industrialized countries. The definition used for developing countries is “The area of forest which is managed for various purposes (conservation, production, other) in accordance with a formal, nationally approved management plan over a sufficiently long period (five years or more)”. The definition used for industrialized countries (Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, CIS countries, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States) also included areas with a regularly applied informal plan, and areas where a decision has been made not to manage the forests at all (UNECE/FAO, 2000b). For this reason, regional totals are not provided in the table. The figures for area under forest management plans were taken from national reports and calculated as a percentage of the total forest area in 2000. Where national reports indicated that all forests were under management, the percentage was set to 100 percent. Partial data were obtained from a variety of published sources. For Georgia, forests classified as “undisturbed” were not included in the reported figure. For the Philippines, the figure represents the aggregated area covered by tenurial agreements for “forest land” and includes areas that were not defined as forests according to the FRA 2000 definition. A forest management plan is required under these agreements, but may not have been formally approved for all areas. For Australia, only forests managed for wood supply were included. For Finland, the original figure provided was 18.6 million ha. However, a total of 21.9 million ha of forest had been certified as of December 2000. As this implies the existence of a management regime, the higher figure was used. For Italy, only forests with specific management plans were included. All other forests in the country are submitted to general silvicultural prescriptions. For Guyana, the figure represents the area under concession agreements, as all concessionaires are required to prepare a forest management plan as a prerequisite to government approval. Numbers with an asterisk (*) represent partial data, as national figures were not available. Forest in protected areas “Forest in protected areas” refers to areas within IUCN Categories I to VI for nature protection. The “Country report data” column gives figures provided in country submissions to FRA 2000 in which the term “protection” was interpreted broadly, particularly for IUCN Categories V to VI, which may include areas under general forest management. The “Global map data” column gives figures derived from an overlay of the FRA 2000 global maps of forest cover and the FRA 2000 (in partnership with UNEP-WCMC) global mapping of protected areas with a legal protection status. Percentages refer to the percentage of total forest area under protected area status. Forest areas certified The cumulative area of forests certified under the following schemes is listed. ATFP = American Tree Farm Program (as of December 2000) CSA = Canada’s National Sustainable Forest Management System Standard (as of 21 December 2000) FSC = Forest Stewardship Council – Accredited Certification Bodies (as of 31 December 2000) GT = Green Tag (United States) (as of 31 December 2000) PEFC = Pan-European Forest Certification (national schemes endorsed by the PEFC Council) (as of December 2000) SFI = Sustainable Forest Initiative Program – American Forest and Paper Association (for Canada, as of 21 December 2000; for the United States, as of October 2000) Although more than 29 million ha of land were enrolled in SFI in the United States and Canada, only those areas that were independently certified are included. Areas certified under the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System Standard scheme (e.g. about 30 980 000 ha in Canada and more than 300 000 ha in New Zealand) are included only if also certified under specific forest certification schemes. Ghana, Malaysia and Indonesia, among others, are developing national certification schemes under which additional areas
145 may soon be certified. Approximately 2 325 000 ha of forests in nature is indicated by"", and ratification or accession is threestates of Malaysia(Pahang, Terengganuand Selangor)have, indicated by"r" as a first step, been assessed to the requirements of a mutually Convention to Combat Desertification Status as of 31 July agreed standard and were awarded audit statements"by an 2000: information source: the Conventions Web site independentthird-partyassessor(theKeurhoutFoundation)(www.unccd.int/main.php) under the Malaysia/Nether lands cooperation programme(H CITES Status as of 7 September 2000; information source SinghNationalTimberCertificationCouncil,MalaysiapertheCiteSWebsite(www.wcmc.org.uk/cites) sonal communication, 2001) Ramsar Convention. Status as of 6 September 2000: infor- mationsourcetheRamsarWebsite(www.ramsar.org) TABLE 5 World Heritage Convention Status as of 2 October 2000 information source: the World Heritage Web site Thistablegivesdataforallregionsbrokendownbycountry(www.unesco.org.whc/wldrat.htm) or territory. The source is the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994 Status as of 1998(FAO, 2000c). The information is also available through 31 December 1999: information source: ITTO theFaoWebsiteat:www.fao.org In addition to the countries indicated in the table the eu- A0"indicates either a true zero or an insignificant value ropean Community has ratified the Convention on Biological (less than half a unit). The regional totals may differ from the Diversity, the FCCC and the Convention to Combat Deserti- sum of the totals for the countries and territories included in the fication, and the European Union has signed the International the difference being due either to the rounding of num- Tropical Timber Agreement 1994 or to territories not included in the tables TABLE 6 This table lists countries that have ratified the following con- ventions: the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Frame work Convention on Climate Change(FCCC)and its Kyoto Protocol the Convention to combat desertification the cor ention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(ciTES), the Ramsar Convention and the World Heritage Convention. It also indicates countries that have rati- fied the International Tropical Timber Agreement (i.e. the mem- bers of the International Tropical Timber Organization The reference date for the ratification status and the source of information on these conventions and agreements are as Convention on Biological Diversity. Status as of 14 August 2000: information source: the convention's Web site FCCC Status as of 25 May 2000: information source: the FccCWebsite(www.unfccc.de).ThecountrieslistedinAn- nex I (developed countries and countries in transition) of the FCCC are marked with an asterisk () Kyoto Protocol (to the FCCC) Status as of 7 August 2000 informationsourcetheFccCWebsite(www.unfccc.desig Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa The full name is the Convention on wetlands of international Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
145 1 The full name is the Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa. 2 The full name is the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. nature is indicated by “s”, and ratification or accession is indicated by “r”. Convention to Combat Desertification. Status as of 31 July 2000; information source: the Convention’s Web site (www.unccd.int/main.php). CITES. Status as of 7 September 2000; information source: the CITES Web site (www.wcmc.org.uk/CITES). Ramsar Convention. Status as of 6 September 2000; information source: the Ramsar Web site (www.ramsar.org). World Heritage Convention. Status as of 2 October 2000; information source: the World Heritage Web site (www.unesco.org.whc/wldrat.htm). International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994. Status as of 31 December 1999; information source: ITTO. In addition to the countries indicated in the table, the European Community has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity, the FCCC and the Convention to Combat Desertification, and the European Union has signed the International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994. may soon be certified. Approximately 2 325 000 ha of forests in three states of Malaysia (Pahang, Terengganu and Selangor) have, as a first step, been assessed to the requirements of a mutually agreed standard and were awarded “audit statements” by an independent third-party assessor (the Keurhout Foundation) under the Malaysia/Netherlands cooperation programme (H. Singh, National Timber Certification Council, Malaysia, personal communication, 2001). TABLE 5 This table gives data for all regions, broken down by country or territory. The source is the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products 1998 (FAO, 2000c). The information is also available through the FAO Web site at: www.fao.org. A “0” indicates either a true zero or an insignificant value (less than half a unit). The regional totals may differ from the sum of the totals for the countries and territories included in the table, the difference being due either to the rounding of numbers or to territories not included in the tables. TABLE 6 This table lists countries that have ratified the following conventions: the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, the Convention to Combat Desertification,1 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Ramsar Convention2 and the World Heritage Convention. It also indicates countries that have ratified the International Tropical Timber Agreement (i.e. the members of the International Tropical Timber Organization). The reference date for the ratification status and the source of information on these conventions and agreements are as follows: Convention on Biological Diversity. Status as of 14 August 2000; information source: the Convention’s Web site (www.biodiv.org). FCCC. Status as of 25 May 2000; information source: the FCCC Web site (www.unfccc.de.). The countries listed in Annex I (developed countries and countries in transition) of the FCCC are marked with an asterisk (*). Kyoto Protocol (to the FCCC). Status as of 7 August 2000; information source: the FCCC Web site (www.unfccc.de) Sig-