《纺织复合材料》课程参考文献（Principles of the Manufacturing of Composite Materials）CHAPTER 1 Introduction

Copyrighted Materials Copyright009 DEStech Publications Retrieved from www.knovel.com PART 1 Fundamentals of Constituents for Composites Manufacturing

PART 1 Fundamentals of Constituents for Composites Manufacturing

CHAPTER 1 Introduction Advanced composite materials have been used to fabricate many structural parts in engineering applications. This is due to their many at- tractive characteristics such as light weight, high strength, high stiffness, good fatigue resistance and good corrosion resistance. Also, the ability to manufacture parts with complicated geometry using fewer compo- nents enables manufacturers to save cost as compared with the same parts made of conventional metallic materials. Before presenting the fun- damental aspects of manufacturing and different techniques used for composites manufacturing, it is appropriate to present composite struc- tural parts currently in use and the main techniques that have been used to fabricate them. 1. EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTS MADE USING DIFFERENT MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES Figure 1.1(a) shows a schematic of an Airbus 380 airplane(the largest airplane in the world as of 2008). This airplane has more than 50% of its structure made of composite materials. These components include the flaps, ailerons, rudder, radome etc. Most of these components are flat in shape and they are usually made using hand-lay-up (HLU) and autoclave molding techniques. Figure 1.1(b) shows a schematic of the hand-lay-up fabrication technique and a representative lay-up sequence. Autoclave molding is a well-established method for composites used in the aero- space industry with certified resins and fibers. A photograph of an auto- clave is shown in Figure 1.1(c). Autoclave Molding will be discussed in detail in Chapter 4. 3

CHAPTER 1 Advanced composite materials have been used to fabricate many structural parts in engineering applications. This is due to their many at￾tractive characteristics such as light weight, high strength, high stiffness, good fatigue resistance and good corrosion resistance. Also, the ability to manufacture parts with complicated geometry using fewer compo￾nents enables manufacturers to save cost as compared with the same parts made of conventional metallic materials. Before presenting the fun￾damental aspects of manufacturing and different techniques used for composites manufacturing, it is appropriate to present composite struc￾tural parts currently in use and the main techniques that have been used to fabricate them. 1. EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTS MADE USING DIFFERENT MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES Figure 1.1(a) shows a schematic of an Airbus 380 airplane (the largest airplane in the world as of 2008). This airplane has more than 50% of its structure made of composite materials. These components include the flaps, ailerons, rudder, radome etc. Most of these components are flat in shape and they are usually made using hand-lay-up (HLU) and autoclave molding techniques. Figure 1.1(b) shows a schematic of the hand-lay-up fabrication technique and a representative lay-up sequence. Autoclave molding is a well-established method for composites used in the aero￾space industry with certified resins and fibers. A photograph of an auto￾clave is shown in Figure 1.1(c). Autoclave Molding will be discussed in detail in Chapter 4. 3

■CFRP Vertcal stabilger- ▣GFRP Leading edge J-nose Tal ☐Hybnd (G+C 一Flap tra fainngs cone ☐GLARE Pes复Je Apron Upper-deck floor beams Bely fainng skins Overwing pane 一Trailing edo3 Radome and5 hroud bo线 一Spoiers Main and centre. landing gear doors Nose landing Main landing gear doors 9e3w9 fairing door Central Torsion Box Pylon fairngs and nacelles cowings FIGURE 1.1(a)Airbus 380 with its composite component (from http://www. specialchem4adhesives.com/home/editorial.aspx?id=752). 8 90 0 FIGURE 1.I(b)Schematic of the hand-lay-up fabrication method and a representative lay-up sequence.Individual layers can be cut by hand or by a computerized machine cut- ter.The layers can be stacked one on top of the other by hand or by a robot. 4

FIGURE 1.1(a) Airbus 380 with its composite component (from http://www. specialchem4adhesives.com/home/editorial.aspx?id=752). FIGURE 1.1(b) Schematic of the hand-lay-up fabrication method and a representative lay-up sequence. Individual layers can be cut by hand or by a computerized machine cut￾ter. The layers can be stacked one on top of the other by hand or by a robot. 4

Examples of Products Made Using Different Manufacturing Techniques 5 FIGURE I.I(c)Photograph of an autoclave (courtesy of ASC Ltd.). Figure 1.2(a)shows a pressure vessel made of composite materials us- ing the combination of hand-lay-up and filament winding processes. Composite pressure vessels are light weight and can contain pressures higher than those contained by metallic vessels.These components are made using the filament winding process [Figure 1.2(b)].Figure 1.2(c) shows a photograph of a filament winding machine.The filament wind- ing process will be discussed in detail in Chapter 5. FIGURE 1.2(a)Composite pressure vessel made by combination of hand-lay-up and filament winding

Figure 1.2(a) shows a pressure vessel made of composite materials us￾ing the combination of hand-lay-up and filament winding processes. Composite pressure vessels are light weight and can contain pressures higher than those contained by metallic vessels. These components are made using the filament winding process [Figure 1.2(b)]. Figure 1.2(c) shows a photograph of a filament winding machine. The filament wind￾ing process will be discussed in detail in Chapter 5. Examples of Products Made Using Different Manufacturing Techniques 5 FIGURE 1.1(c) Photograph of an autoclave (courtesy of ASC Ltd.). FIGURE 1.2(a) Composite pressure vessel made by combination of hand-lay-up and filament winding

FIGURE 1.2(b)Schematic of the filament winding process (courtesy of Wiley Interscience). FIGURE 1.2(c)A two-spindle winder with a carriage-mounted resin bath and a free- standing creel in the background (courtesy of Composites Technology magazine,August 2005). 6

FIGURE 1.2(b) Schematic of the filament winding process (courtesy of Wiley Interscience). FIGURE 1.2(c) A two-spindle winder with a carriage-mounted resin bath and a free￾standing creel in the background (courtesy of Composites Technology magazine, August 2005). 6