xxviiContents14.2Structure and Function of theOrgans of Defenseand6CHAPTERImmunity427How Do White Blood Cells Carry Out Recognition andDisorders in Immunity486Surveillance?428Compartments and Connections of the Immune16.1TheImmuneResponse:ATwo-SidedCoin487System428Overreactions to Antigens: Allergy/Hypersensitivity48714.3 SecondLineDefenses:Inflammation43716.2TypeIAllergicReactions:AtopyandAnaphylaxis488The Inflammatory Response:A Complex Concert ofModes of Contact with Allergens489437Reactions to Injury489The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of EntryThe Stages of Inflammation 437Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and14.4Second LineDefenses:Phagocytosis,Interferon,andProvocation 490Complement443Cytokines,Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms491Phagocytosis: Partner to Inflammation and Immunity443Specific Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast-Cell-Mediated445Interferon: Antiviral Cytokines and Immune StimulantsAllergy493Complement: A Versatile Backup System446Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction toAllergens494Overall Stages in theComplementCascade446494An Outline of Major Host Defenses447Diagnosis of Allergy495Treatment and Prevention of AllergyL16.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse ForeignCHAPTERCells497497The Basis of Human ABOAntigens and Blood TypesAdaptive,SpecificImmunityandAntibodies against A and B Antigens498Immunization452The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance49915.1Specific Immunity:TheAdaptive Line ofOtherRBC Antigens 500Defense45316.4TypeIllHypersensitivities:ImmuneComplexAnOverviewof SpecificImmuneResponses453501Reactions453Development of the Immune Response System501MechanismsofImmuneComplexDiseases15.2Lymphocyte Maturation and the Nature ofTypes of Immune Complex Disease502Antigens45916.5ImmunopathologiesInvolvingTCells502Specific Events in B-Cell Maturation459Type IV Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity502Specific Events in T-Cell Maturation 459T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation504Characteristics of Antigens and Immunogens459Practical Examples in Transplantation50515.3CooperationinImmuneReactionsto16.6AutoimmuneDiseases—AnAttackonSelf506Antigens461Genetic and Gender Correlation in Autoimmune Disease506The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation46lThe Origins of Autoimmune Disease506B-Cell Responses463Examples of Autoimmune Disease507Monoclonal Antibodies:UsefulProductsfromCancer Cells 46816.7ImmunodeficiencyDiseases:CompromisedImmune509Responses15.4T-Cell Responses 468Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases509Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)468511Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases15.5AClassificationSchemeforSpecific,Acquired16.8 TheFunctionof theImmuneSysteminCancer511Immunities472Defining Categories by Mode of Acquisition4721.Natural Activity Immunity:Getting an Infection472CHAPTER2. Natural Passive Immunity: Mother to Child1472Artificial Immunity: Immunization 473ProceduresforIdentifying Pathogens and15.6Immunization:MethodsofManipulatingImmunityfor517DiagnosingInfections中474Therapeutic Purposes17.1 AnOverview of Clinical Microbiology518Artificial Passive Immunization475475Phenotypic Methods：518Artificial ActiveImmunity:VaccinationGenotypic Methods518Developmentof NewVaccines476Routes of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines479Immunologic Methods518To Vaccinate: Why, Whom, and When?480On the Track of the Infectious Agent: Specimen Collection519
Contents xxvii 14.2 Structure and Function of the Organs of Defense and Immunity 427 How Do White Blood Cells Carry Out Recognition and Surveillance? 428 Compartments and Connections of the Immune System 428 14.3 Second Line Defenses: Infl ammation 437 The Infl ammatory Response: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury 437 The Stages of Infl ammation 437 14.4 Second Line Defenses: Phagocytosis, Interferon, and Complement 443 Phagocytosis: Partner to Infl ammation and Immunity 443 Interferon: Antiviral Cytokines and Immune Stimulants 445 Complement: A Versatile Backup System 446 Overall Stages in the Complement Cascade 446 An Outline of Major Host Defenses 447 CHAPTER 15 Adaptive, Specifi c Immunity and Immunization 452 15.1 Specifi c Immunity: The Adaptive Line of Defense 453 An Overview of Specifi c Immune Responses 453 Development of the Immune Response System 453 15.2 Lymphocyte Maturation and the Nature of Antigens 459 Specifi c Events in B-Cell Maturation 459 Specifi c Events in T-Cell Maturation 459 Characteristics of Antigens and Immunogens 459 15.3 Cooperation in Immune Reactions to Antigens 461 The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation 461 B-Cell Responses 463 Monoclonal Antibodies: Useful Products from Cancer Cells 468 15.4 T-Cell Responses 468 Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) 468 15.5 A Classifi cation Scheme for Specifi c, Acquired Immunities 472 Defi ning Categories by Mode of Acquisition 472 1. Natural Activity Immunity: Getting an Infection 472 2. Natural Passive Immunity: Mother to Child 472 Artifi cial Immunity: Immunization 473 15.6 Immunization: Methods of Manipulating Immunity for Therapeutic Purposes 474 Artifi cial Passive Immunization 475 Artifi cial Active Immunity: Vaccination 475 Development of New Vaccines 476 Routes of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines 479 To Vaccinate: Why, Whom, and When? 480 CHAPTER 16 Disorders in Immunity 486 16.1 The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin 487 Overreactions to Antigens: Allergy/Hypersensitivity 487 16.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis 488 Modes of Contact with Allergens 489 The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry 489 Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation 490 Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms 491 Specifi c Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast-Cell-Mediated Allergy 493 Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction to Allergens 494 Diagnosis of Allergy 494 Treatment and Prevention of Allergy 495 16.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells 497 The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types 497 Antibodies against A and B Antigens 498 The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance 499 Other RBC Antigens 500 16.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions 501 Mechanisms of Immune Complex Diseases 501 Types of Immune Complex Disease 502 16.5 Immunopathologies Involving T Cells 502 Type IV Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity 502 T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation 504 Practical Examples in Transplantation 505 16.6 Autoimmune Diseases—An Attack on Self 506 Genetic and Gender Correlation in Autoimmune Disease 506 The Origins of Autoimmune Disease 506 Examples of Autoimmune Disease 507 16.7 Immunodefi ciency Diseases: Compromised Immune Responses 509 Primary Immunodefi ciency Diseases 509 Secondary Immunodefi ciency Diseases 511 16.8 The Function of the Immune System in Cancer 511 CHAPTER 17 Procedures for Identifying Pathogens and Diagnosing Infections 517 17.1 An Overview of Clinical Microbiology 518 Phenotypic Methods 518 Genotypic Methods 518 Immunologic Methods 518 On the Track of the Infectious Agent: Specimen Collection 519 taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page xxvii 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile
xxviliContents52117.2Phenotypic MethodsCHAPTERImmediateDirect Examination of Specimen521Cultivation of Specimen522The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical17.3GenotypicMethods524569ImportanceDNA Analysis Using Genetic Probes52419.1 MedicallyImportant Gram-PositiveBacilli570Roles of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Ribosomal RNAinIdentification 52419.2Gram-Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli 570General Characteristics of the Genus Bacillus57017.4ImmunologicMethods525TheGenusClostridium573525General Features of Immune Testing52719.3Gram-Positive Regular Non-Spore-FormingAgglutination and Precipitation ReactionsBacilli581The Western Blot for Detecting Proteins528An Emerging Food-Borne Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes581529ComplementFixationErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae:AZoonotic Pathogen582Miscellaneous Serological Tests530Fluorescent Antibody and Immunofluorescent Testing53019.4 Gram-Positive Irregular Non-Spore-Forming583Bacilli53217.5Immunoassays:TestsofGreatSensitivityCorynebacterium diphtheriae583Radioimmunoassay (RIA)532The Genus Propionibacterium584533Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay19.5 Mycobacteria:Acid-FastBacilli 585Tests That Differentiate T Cells and B Cells534Mycobacterium tuberculosis:The Tubercle Bacillus586In Vivo Testing534Mycobacterium leprae:The Leprosy Bacillus59017.6 Viruses asa Special Diagnostic Case534Infections by Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM)59319.6 Actinomycetes:Filamentous Bacilli59418Actinomycosis594CHAPTERNocardiosis595TheGram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci539ofMedical Importance2018.1GeneralCharacteristicsof theStaphylococci540CHAPTERGrowth and Physiological Characteristics of StaphylococcusThe Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medicalaureus540599ImportanceThe Scope of Staphylococcal Disease541Host Defenses against S.aureus54420.1AerobicGram-NegativeNonentericBacilli600Other Important Staphylococci 544600Pseudomonas:ThePseudomonadsIdentification of Staphylococcus Isolates in Clinical20.2RelatedGram-NegativeAerobicRods603Samples545Brucella and Brucellosis604546Clinical Concerns in Staphylococcal InfectionsFrancisella tularensis and Tularemia60418.2General Characteristics of the Streptococci and RelatedBordetella pertussis and Relatives605Genera548Legionella and Legionellosis606548Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogenes20.3 Identification and DifferentialCharacteristics of Family553GroupB:StreptococcusagalactiaeEnterobacteriaceae608553GroupD Enterococci and Groups C and G StreptococciAntigenic Structures and Virulence Factors611Laboratory Identification Techniques55320.4 ColiformOrganismsand Diseases 612Treatment andPrevention of GroupA,B,andDStreptococcalEscherichia coli:TheMostPrevalentEntericBacillus612Infections554Miscellaneous Infections613Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group555OtherColiforms613555Streptococcus pneumoniae:The Pneumococcus20.5NoncoliformEnterics61518.3TheFamily Neisseriaceae:Gram-NegativeCocci558Opportunists: Proteus and Its Relatives615559Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The GonococcusTrue Enteric Pathogens: Salmonella and Shigella615Nonenteric Yersinia pestis and Plague619Neisseria meningitidis: The Meningococcus562Differentiating Pathogenic from NonpathogenicOxidase-Positive Nonenteric Pathogens in FamilyNeisseria564Pasteurellaceae622OtherGenera of Gram-NegativeCocciand Coccobacilli564Haemophilus:The Blood-Loving Bacilli622
xxviii Contents 17.2 Phenotypic Methods 521 Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen 521 Cultivation of Specimen 522 17.3 Genotypic Methods 524 DNA Analysis Using Genetic Probes 524 Roles of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Ribosomal RNA in Identifi cation 524 17.4 Immunologic Methods 525 General Features of Immune Testing 525 Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions 527 The Western Blot for Detecting Proteins 528 Complement Fixation 529 Miscellaneous Serological Tests 530 Fluorescent Antibody and Immunofl uorescent Testing 530 17.5 Immunoassays: Tests of Great Sensitivity 532 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) 532 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 533 Tests That Differentiate T Cells and B Cells 534 In Vivo Testing 534 17.6 Viruses as a Special Diagnostic Case 534 CHAPTER 18 The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance 539 18.1 General Characteristics of the Staphylococci 540 Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus 540 The Scope of Staphylococcal Disease 541 Host Defenses against S. aureus 544 Other Important Staphylococci 544 Identifi cation of Staphylococcus Isolates in Clinical Samples 545 Clinical Concerns in Staphylococcal Infections 546 18.2 General Characteristics of the Streptococci and Related Genera 548 Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogenes 548 Group B: Streptococcus agalactiae 553 Group D Enterococci and Groups C and G Streptococci 553 Laboratory Identifi cation Techniques 553 Treatment and Prevention of Group A, B, and D Streptococcal Infections 554 Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group 555 Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Pneumococcus 555 18.3 The Family Neisseriaceae: Gram-Negative Cocci 558 Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Gonococcus 559 Neisseria meningitidis: The Meningococcus 562 Differentiating Pathogenic from Nonpathogenic Neisseria 564 Other Genera of Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli 564 CHAPTER 19 The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance 569 19.1 Medically Important Gram-Positive Bacilli 570 19.2 Gram-Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli 570 General Characteristics of the Genus Bacillus 570 The Genus Clostridium 573 19.3 Gram-Positive Regular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli 581 An Emerging Food-Borne Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes 581 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: A Zoonotic Pathogen 582 19.4 Gram-Positive Irregular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli 583 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 583 The Genus Propionibacterium 584 19.5 Mycobacteria: Acid-Fast Bacilli 585 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Tubercle Bacillus 586 Mycobacterium leprae: The Leprosy Bacillus 590 Infections by Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) 593 19.6 Actinomycetes: Filamentous Bacilli 594 Actinomycosis 594 Nocardiosis 595 CHAPTER 20 The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance 599 20.1 Aerobic Gram-Negative Nonenteric Bacilli 600 Pseudomonas: The Pseudomonads 600 20.2 Related Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods 603 Brucella and Brucellosis 604 Francisella tularensis and Tularemia 604 Bordetella pertussis and Relatives 605 Legionella and Legionellosis 606 20.3 Identifi cation and Differential Characteristics of Family Enterobacteriaceae 608 Antigenic Structures and Virulence Factors 611 20.4 Coliform Organisms and Diseases 612 Escherichia coli: The Most Prevalent Enteric Bacillus 612 Miscellaneous Infections 613 Other Coliforms 613 20.5 Noncoliform Enterics 615 Opportunists: Proteus and Its Relatives 615 True Enteric Pathogens: Salmonella and Shigella 615 Nonenteric Yersinia pestis and Plague 619 Oxidase-Positive Nonenteric Pathogens in Family Pasteurellaceae 622 Haemophilus: The Blood-Loving Bacilli 622 taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page xxviii 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile
xxixContents22.5 Superficial Mycoses6751CHAPTER22.6 Opportunistic Mycoses 676Infections by Candida: Candidiasis676MiscellaneousBacterialAgentsofDisease627Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcosis67821.1 The Spirochetes628Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci and Pneumocystis628Treponemes: Members of the Genus TreponemaPneumonia679633Leptospira and LeptospirosisAspergillosis: Diseases of the Genus Aspergillus680Borrelia:Arthropod-Borne Spirochetes633Zygomycosis68021.2Curviform Gram-Negative Bacteria and EntericMiscellaneous Opportunists 681Diseases63622.7Fungal Allergies and Intoxications682637The Biology of Vibrio choleraeVibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus:Pathogens23Carried by Seafood 638CHAPTERDiseases of the Campylobacter Vibrios639TheParasites of Medical Importance686Helicobacter pylori: Gastric Pathogen64021.3Medically Important Bacteria of Unique Morphology23.1The Parasites of Humans687and Biology64123.2 Major Protozoan Pathogens687Order Rickettsiales642Infective Amoebas 687Specific Rickettsioses642The Intestinal Ciliate: Balantidium coli691Emerging Rickettsioses64523.3 TheFlagellates(Mastigophorans)691Coxiella and Bartonella: Other Vector-Borne Pathogens645692Trichomonads: Trichomonas SpeciesOther Obligate Parasitic Bacteria: The Chlamydiaceae646692Giardia intestinalis and Giardiasis65021.4 Mollicutes and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria693Hemofiagellates: Vector-Borne Blood ParasitesBiological Characteristics of the Mycoplasmas65023.4ApicomplexanParasites697651Bacteria That Have Lost Their Cell Walls697Plasmodium: The Agent of Malaria21.5Bacteriain Dental Disease651-700Coccidian Parasites651The Structure of Teeth and Associated Tissues70323.5ASurveyofHelminthParasites652Hard-Tissue Disease: Dental CariesGeneral Life and Transmission Cycles703652Plaque and Dental Caries Formation703General Epidemiology of Helminth Diseases652Soft-Tissue and Periodontal DiseasePathology of Helminth Infestation 704654Factors in Dental Disease706Elements of Diagnosis and Control23.6 Nematode(Roundworm)Infestations70722Intestinal Nematodes (Cycle A)707CHAPTERIntestinal Helminths (Cycle B) 708TheFungi of Medical Importance659Tissue Nematodes71022.1 Fungi as Infectious Agents 66023.7Flatworms:TheTrematodes and Cestodes712Primary or True Fungal Pathogens 660Blood Flukes: Schistosomes (Cycle D)712Emerging Fungal Pathogens 661Liver and Lung Flukes (Cycle D)713662Epidemiology of the MycosesCestode (Tapeworm) Infections (Cycle C)714Pathogenesis of the Fungi 66223.8 The Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease715663Diagnosisof MycoticInfectionsControl of Mycotic Infections66324CHAPTER22.2OrganizationofFungalDiseases665Systemic Infections by True Pathogens665Introduction to Viruses That Infect Humans:67122.3Subcutaneous MycosesTheDNAViruses723The Natural History of Sporotrichosis: Rose-Gardener's24.1 VirusesinHumanInfectionsandDiseases724Disease671724Important Medical Considerations in Viral DiseasesChromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis: Diseases ofOverviewof DNAViruses725Pigmented Fungi 672Mycetoma: A Complex Disfiguring Syndromee67224.2Enveloped DNAViruses:Poxviruses72622.4CutaneousMycoses673Classification and Structure of Poxviruses726673727Characteristics of DermatophytesOther Poxvirus Diseases
Contents xxix CHAPTER 21 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease 627 21.1 The Spirochetes 628 Treponemes: Members of the Genus Treponema 628 Leptospira and Leptospirosis 633 Borrelia: Arthropod-Borne Spirochetes 633 21.2 Curviform Gram-Negative Bacteria and Enteric Diseases 636 The Biology of Vibrio cholerae 637 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnifi cus: Pathogens Carried by Seafood 638 Diseases of the Campylobacter Vibrios 639 Helicobacter pylori: Gastric Pathogen 640 21.3 Medically Important Bacteria of Unique Morphology and Biology 641 Order Rickettsiales 642 Specifi c Rickettsioses 642 Emerging Rickettsioses 645 Coxiella and Bartonella: Other Vector-Borne Pathogens 645 Other Obligate Parasitic Bacteria: The Chlamydiaceae 646 21.4 Mollicutes and Other Cell-Wall-Defi cient Bacteria 650 Biological Characteristics of the Mycoplasmas 650 Bacteria That Have Lost Their Cell Walls 651 21.5 Bacteria in Dental Disease 651 The Structure of Teeth and Associated Tissues 651 Hard-Tissue Disease: Dental Caries 652 Plaque and Dental Caries Formation 652 Soft-Tissue and Periodontal Disease 652 Factors in Dental Disease 654 CHAPTER 22 The Fungi of Medical Importance 659 22.1 Fungi as Infectious Agents 660 Primary or True Fungal Pathogens 660 Emerging Fungal Pathogens 661 Epidemiology of the Mycoses 662 Pathogenesis of the Fungi 662 Diagnosis of Mycotic Infections 663 Control of Mycotic Infections 663 22.2 Organization of Fungal Diseases 665 Systemic Infections by True Pathogens 665 22.3 Subcutaneous Mycoses 671 The Natural History of Sporotrichosis: Rose-Gardener’s Disease 671 Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis: Diseases of Pigmented Fungi 672 Mycetoma: A Complex Disfi guring Syndrome 672 22.4 Cutaneous Mycoses 673 Characteristics of Dermatophytes 673 22.5 Superfi cial Mycoses 675 22.6 Opportunistic Mycoses 676 Infections by Candida: Candidiasis 676 Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcosis 678 Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci and Pneumocystis Pneumonia 679 Aspergillosis: Diseases of the Genus Aspergillus 680 Zygomycosis 680 Miscellaneous Opportunists 681 22.7 Fungal Allergies and Intoxications 682 CHAPTER 23 The Parasites of Medical Importance 686 23.1 The Parasites of Humans 687 23.2 Major Protozoan Pathogens 687 Infective Amoebas 687 The Intestinal Ciliate: Balantidium coli 691 23.3 The Flagellates (Mastigophorans) 691 Trichomonads: Trichomonas Species 692 Giardia intestinalis and Giardiasis 692 Hemofl agellates: Vector-Borne Blood Parasites 693 23.4 Apicomplexan Parasites 697 Plasmodium: The Agent of Malaria 697 Coccidian Parasites 700 23.5 A Survey of Helminth Parasites 703 General Life and Transmission Cycles 703 General Epidemiology of Helminth Diseases 703 Pathology of Helminth Infestation 704 Elements of Diagnosis and Control 706 23.6 Nematode (Roundworm) Infestations 707 Intestinal Nematodes (Cycle A) 707 Intestinal Helminths (Cycle B) 708 Tissue Nematodes 710 23.7 Flatworms: The Trematodes and Cestodes 712 Blood Flukes: Schistosomes (Cycle D) 712 Liver and Lung Flukes (Cycle D) 713 Cestode (Tapeworm) Infections (Cycle C) 714 23.8 The Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease 715 CHAPTER 24 Introduction to Viruses That Infect Humans: The DNA Viruses 723 24.1 Viruses in Human Infections and Diseases 724 Important Medical Considerations in Viral Diseases 724 Overview of DNA Viruses 725 24.2 Enveloped DNA Viruses: Poxviruses 726 Classifi cation and Structure of Poxviruses 726 Other Poxvirus Diseases 727 taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page xxix 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile
ContentsXXX24.3 Enveloped DNAViruses:The Herpesviruses72825.7PrionsandSpongiformEncephalopathies778General Properties of Herpes Simplex Viruses729Pathogenesis and Effects of CJD779Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex729779Transmission and Epidemiology729779The Spectrum of Herpes Infection and DiseaseCulture and Diagnosis731779Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Herpes SimplexPrevention and/or Treatment731The Biology of Varicella-Zoster Virus26The Cytomegalovirus Group733CHAPTEREpstein-Barr Virus734Diseases of Herpesviruses 6, 7, and3736Environmental Microbiology78424.4 The Viral Agents of Hepatitis73726.1Ecology:The Interconnecting Web of Life785Hepatitis B Virus and Disease738The Organization of Ecosystems78524.5NonenvelopedDNAViruses74026.2 Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems786The Adenoviruses741Ecological Interactions between Organisms in a Community788741Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses26.3 TheNaturalRecyclingofBioelements5789Nonenveloped Single-Stranded DNA Viruses: TheAtmospheric Cycles790743ParvovirusesSedimentary Cycles7932526.4Terrestrial Microbiology:The Composition of theCHAPTERLithosphere 796797Living Activities in SoilThe RNAViruses That InfectHumans74726.5 The Microbiology of the Hydrosphere79725.1 EnvelopedSegmented Single-StrandedRNAViruses748797The Hydrologic CycleThe Biology of Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza748798The Structure of Aquatic EcosystemsOther Viruses with a Segmented Genome: Bunyaviruses andArenaviruses75227CHAPTER25.2EnvelopedNonsegmentedSingle-StrandedRNAViruses754Appliedand Industrial Microbiology807Paramyxoviruses:754Rhabdoviruses75727.1 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology808Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment80825.3 Other Enveloped RNA Viruses: Coronaviruses,759Togaviruses,and Flaviviruses27.2 The Microbiology of Food810759Coronaviruses27.3MicrobialFermentationsinFoodProductsfrom759Rubivirus: The Agent of Rubella811Plants760Hepatitis C VirusBread Making81125.4Arboviruses:Viruses Spread byArthropodProduction of Beer and Other Alcoholic Beverages811Vectors760Microbes in Milk and Dairy Products813760Epidemiology of Arbovirus DiseaseMicroorganisms as Food814General Characteristics of Arbovirus Infections76127.4Microbial Involvement inFood-BorneDiseases815Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of ArbovirusPrevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage816762Infection27.5 GeneralConceptsinIndustrialMicrobiology82025.5 Retroviruses and Human Diseases762821From Microbial Factories to Industrial Factories762HIV Infection and AIDSSubstance Production 821762Causative Agent763Epidemiology of HIV InfectionAPPENDIXAA-1Stages,Signs,and Symptoms ofHIV Infction andAPPENDIXBB-1766AIDSAPPENDIX CC-1767Diagnosis of HIV InfectionAPPENDIX DD-1Preventing HIV Infection769769APPENDIXEE-1Treating HIV Infection and AIDS770Human T-Cell Lymphotropic VirusesAPPENDIXFF-125.6 Nonenveloped Single-Stranded and Double-StrandedGlossaryG-1RNAViruses772CreditsCR-1Picornaviruses and Caliciviruses772Index1-1Reoviruses: Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses777
xxx Contents 24.3 Enveloped DNA Viruses: The Herpesviruses 728 General Properties of Herpes Simplex Viruses 729 Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex 729 The Spectrum of Herpes Infection and Disease 729 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Herpes Simplex 731 The Biology of Varicella-Zoster Virus 731 The Cytomegalovirus Group 733 Epstein-Barr Virus 734 Diseases of Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 736 24.4 The Viral Agents of Hepatitis 737 Hepatitis B Virus and Disease 738 24.5 Nonenveloped DNA Viruses 740 The Adenoviruses 741 Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses 741 Nonenveloped Single-Stranded DNA Viruses: The Parvoviruses 743 CHAPTER 25 The RNA Viruses That Infect Humans 747 25.1 Enveloped Segmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 748 The Biology of Orthomyxoviruses: Infl uenza 748 Other Viruses with a Segmented Genome: Bunyaviruses and Arenaviruses 752 25.2 Enveloped Nonsegmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 754 Paramyxoviruses 754 Rhabdoviruses 757 25.3 Other Enveloped RNA Viruses: Coronaviruses, Togaviruses, and Flaviviruses 759 Coronaviruses 759 Rubivirus: The Agent of Rubella 759 Hepatitis C Virus 760 25.4 Arboviruses: Viruses Spread by Arthropod Vectors 760 Epidemiology of Arbovirus Disease 760 General Characteristics of Arbovirus Infections 761 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Arbovirus Infection 762 25.5 Retroviruses and Human Diseases 762 HIV Infection and AIDS 762 Causative Agent 762 Epidemiology of HIV Infection 763 Stages, Signs, and Symptoms of HIV Infection and AIDS 766 Diagnosis of HIV Infection 767 Preventing HIV Infection 769 Treating HIV Infection and AIDS 769 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses 770 25.6 Nonenveloped Single-Stranded and Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 772 Picornaviruses and Caliciviruses 772 Reoviruses: Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 777 25.7 Prions and Spongiform Encephalopathies 778 Pathogenesis and Effects of CJD 779 Transmission and Epidemiology 779 Culture and Diagnosis 779 Prevention and/or Treatment 779 CHAPTER 26 Environmental Microbiology 784 26.1 Ecology: The Interconnecting Web of Life 785 The Organization of Ecosystems 785 26.2 Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems 786 Ecological Interactions between Organisms in a Community 788 26.3 The Natural Recycling of Bioelements 789 Atmospheric Cycles 790 Sedimentary Cycles 793 26.4 Terrestrial Microbiology: The Composition of the Lithosphere 796 Living Activities in Soil 797 26.5 The Microbiology of the Hydrosphere 797 The Hydrologic Cycle 797 The Structure of Aquatic Ecosystems 798 CHAPTER 27 Applied and Industrial Microbiology 807 27.1 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 808 Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment 808 27.2 The Microbiology of Food 810 27.3 Microbial Fermentations in Food Products from Plants 811 Bread Making 811 Production of Beer and Other Alcoholic Beverages 811 Microbes in Milk and Dairy Products 813 Microorganisms as Food 814 27.4 Microbial Involvement in Food-Borne Diseases 815 Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage 816 27.5 General Concepts in Industrial Microbiology 820 From Microbial Factories to Industrial Factories 821 Substance Production 821 APPENDIX A A-1 APPENDIX B B-1 APPENDIX C C-1 APPENDIX D D-1 APPENDIX E E-1 APPENDIX F F-1 Glossary G-1 Credits CR-1 Index I-1 taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page xxx 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile
BeginningtheJourneyThe beauty of microorganismsIf you were taking a survey of people on the street abouttheirimpressionofmicroorganisms,you would nothaveto look very far to find someone with a rather negativevision,probablygleaned from commercials,of un-sightly,disease-causing germs swarming aroundeverywhere,lying in waiting for unsuspectingvictims. But we'd like to think that, after lookingthrough a microscopefocused on a dropofpondwater, most people would have their eyesopened, both literally and figuratively,by theastonishing images they see. A glimpse of themicrobial world often surprises us with unusualand bizarreforms of greatbeauty and complex-ityfrom the crystallineperfection ofa virustofantastic colors and shapes of algae. It is withthis realization that we are featuring magnifiedviews of interesting and striking microorganismssetinthecontextofacasestudyatthestartof mostchapters. Even our cover, depicting a glass sculpture ofthe HINl influenza virus, reflects a trend of embracingmicroorganismsasaninspirationforartisticworks.Althougha major intent of this textbook is to promoteyourunderstandingoftheeffectsofmicrobesonhumansandtheirinvolvementindiseases,wealsoaspiretocommunicateourappreciationandawefor"I would have to say that this text isthese tiniest creatures and to provide insights into the tremendousimpact they have on every facet of the earth.It is our hope that, insophisticated,logicallywritten,illustratedtime, you too will become an advocate for microorganisms andeffectively,andverycomprehensive.Thehelp educate others about their importance, and perhaps even theirbeauty.Happy reading...chaptersIreviewedwerewellwrittenandverycomprehensive.Thechapteron-KathleenParkTalaroandBarryChessmetabolism was superb."-LuisA.Rodriguez,SanAntonioCollegexxxi
If you were taking a survey of people on the street about their impression of microorganisms, you would not have to look very far to find someone with a rather negative vision, probably gleaned from commercials, of unsightly, disease-causing germs swarming around everywhere, lying in waiting for unsuspecting victims. But we’d like to think that, after looking through a microscope focused on a drop of pond water, most people would have their eyes opened, both literally and figuratively, by the astonishing images they see. A glimpse of the microbial world often surprises us with unusual and bizarre forms of great beauty and complexity, from the crystalline perfection of a virus to fantastic colors and shapes of algae. It is with this realization that we are featuring magnified views of interesting and striking microorganisms set in the context of a case study at the start of most chapters. Even our cover, depicting a glass sculpture of the H1N1 influenza virus, reflects a trend of embracing microorganisms as an inspiration for artistic works. Although a major intent of this textbook is to promote your understanding of the effects of microbes on humans and their involvement in diseases, we also aspire to communicate our appreciation and awe for these tiniest creatures and to provide insights into the tremendous impact they have on every facet of the earth. It is our hope that, in time, you too will become an advocate for microorganisms and help educate others about their importance, and perhaps even their beauty. Happy reading. . . —Kathleen Park Talaro and Barry Chess Beginning the Journey The beauty of microorganisms “I would have to say that this text is sophisticated, logically written, illustrated effectively, and very comprehensive. The chapters I reviewed were well written and very comprehensive. The chapter on metabolism was superb.” —Luis A. Rodriguez, San Antonio College xxxi taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page xxxi 12/21/10 6:24 PM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile