FoundationsinMicrobiologyEIGHTHEDITIONKathleenParkTalaroBarryChess
Brief ContentsICHAPTERCHAPTERThe Main Themes of MicrobiologyAdaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization 452CHAPTER16CHAPTERDisorders in Immunity486The Chemistry of Biology2717CHAPTERCHAPTERTools of the Laboratory: Methods of StudyingProcedures for Identifying Pathogens and DiagnosingMicroorganisms58Infections51718CHAPTERCHAPTERA Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms89TheGram-Positiveand Gram-NegativeCocciof MedicalImportance539SCHAPTER19CHAPTERA Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms123TheGram-PositiveBacilliofMedical Importance5696CHAPTERCHAPTER 20158AnIntroductiontoVirusesThe Gram-NegativeBacilli of Medical Importance599中CHAPTERCHAPTER21Microbial Nutrition, Ecology,and Growth185627MiscellaneousBacterialAgentsofDisease8CHAPTER22CHAPTERAnIntroductiontoMicrobial Metabolism:TheChemicalTheFungiof Medical Importance 659Crossroadsof Life217923CHAPTERCHAPTERMicrobial Genetics 254The Parasites of Medical Importance6861024CHAPTERCHAPTERGenetic Engineering:A Revolution in MolecularIntroduction to Viruses That Infect Humans:The DNABiology291Viruses723CHAPTER 2511CHAPTERPhysical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control319The RNA Viruses That Infect Humans7471226CHAPTERCHAPTER784Drugs, Microbes, HostThe Elements ofEnvironmental MicrobiologyChemotherapy35127CHAPTERCHAPTER13807Applied and Industrial MicrobiologyMicrobe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease386CHAPTERAnIntroductiontoHostDefensesandInnateImmunities424ii
iii CHAPTER 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology 1 CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Biology 27 CHAPTER 3 Tools of the Laboratory: Methods of Studying Microorganisms 58 CHAPTER 4 A Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 89 CHAPTER 5 A Survey of Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 123 CHAPTER 6 An Introduction to Viruses 158 CHAPTER 7 Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth 185 CHAPTER 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life 217 CHAPTER 9 Microbial Genetics 254 CHAPTER 10 Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Biology 291 CHAPTER 11 Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control 319 CHAPTER 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host—The Elements of Chemotherapy 351 CHAPTER 13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease 386 CHAPTER 14 An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities 424 CHAPTER 15 Adaptive, Specifi c Immunity and Immunization 452 CHAPTER 16 Disorders in Immunity 486 CHAPTER 17 Procedures for Identifying Pathogens and Diagnosing Infections 517 CHAPTER 18 The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance 539 CHAPTER 19 The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance 569 CHAPTER 20 The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance 599 CHAPTER 21 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease 627 CHAPTER 22 The Fungi of Medical Importance 659 CHAPTER 23 The Parasites of Medical Importance 686 CHAPTER 24 Introduction to Viruses That Infect Humans: The DNA Viruses 723 CHAPTER 25 The RNA Viruses That Infect Humans 747 CHAPTER 26 Environmental Microbiology 784 CHAPTER 27 Applied and Industrial Microbiology 807 Brief Contents taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page iii 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile
AbouttheAuthorsKathleenPark Talaro is a microbiologist, educator,author,andartist.Shehasbeennurturingherloveofmicrobiology since heryouth growing up on an ldaho farm where shewas first fascinated by tiny creatures she could just barely seeswimming in a pond.This interest in themicrobial world led toabiologymajoratldahoStateUniversitywheresheworkedasa teaching assistant and scientific illustratorfor one of her pro-fessors.Thiswasthebeginningofanavocationwhichshecon-tinuestoday-thatoflendingherartistichandtointerpretationof scientific concepts.She continued her education at ArizonaStateUniversity,Occidental College,California InstituteofTechnology,and California StateUniversityShe has taught microbiology and major's biology courses atPasadena City College for 30 years, during which time she de-veloped new curricula and refined laboratory experiments. SheKathy Talaro (right) and her daughter, Nicole.has been an author of, and contributorto, several publicationsof the William C. Brown Company and McGraw-Hill Publisherssince the early 1980s, first illustrating and writing for laboratorymanuals and later developing this textbook. She has also servedDedicationas acoauthor with KellyCowan on thefirst two editions ofMicrobiology: A Systems Approach.We wishto dedicate this bookto microbes,thoseKathy continues to make microbiology a significant focusof her life and is passionate about conveying the significanceingenious beings that beckon us into another realmand practical knowledge of the subject to everyone, regardlessof theirprofessionor position.Inaddition to herwriting,shethat exists beyond our naked eyes.We marvel at theirkeeps current attending conferences and participating in theAmerican Societyfor Microbiology and its undergraduate edu-fantastic variety and wild,exotic ways of life.Andcational programs. She is gratified by the many supportiveevenaftermany lifetimesofstudy,westill havemuchnotes and letters she has received over the years from bookadoptersandstudentsto learnfromthetiny"animalcules"thatLeeuwenhoekShe lives inAltadena,California withhusbandDave Bedro-sian,and sonDavid.Whenevershecan, she spendstimewithfirst saw over 300 years ago in "such enormousher daughter Nicole, who lives in Wyoming.In her spare timeshe enjoys photography, reading true crime books, music,numbers that all the water seemed to be alive."crossword puzzles, and playing with her seven rescued kitties.iv
iv Kathleen Park Talaro is a microbiologist, educator, author, and artist. She has been nurturing her love of microbiology since her youth growing up on an Idaho farm where she was fi rst fascinated by tiny creatures she could just barely see swimming in a pond. This interest in the microbial world led to a biology major at Idaho State University, where she worked as a teaching assistant and scientifi c illustrator for one of her professors. This was the beginning of an avocation which she continues today—that of lending her artistic hand to interpretation of scientifi c concepts. She continued her education at Arizona State University, Occidental College, California Institute of Technology, and California State University. She has taught microbiology and major’s biology courses at Pasadena City College for 30 years, during which time she developed new curricula and refi ned laboratory experiments. She has been an author of, and contributor to, several publications of the William C. Brown Company and McGraw-Hill Publishers since the early 1980s, fi rst illustrating and writing for laboratory manuals and later developing this textbook. She has also served as a coauthor with Kelly Cowan on the fi rst two editions of Microbiology: A Systems Approach. Kathy continues to make microbiology a signifi cant focus of her life and is passionate about conveying the signifi cance and practical knowledge of the subject to everyone, regardless of their profession or position. In addition to her writing, she keeps current attending conferences and participating in the American Society for Microbiology and its undergraduate educational programs. She is gratifi ed by the many supportive notes and letters she has received over the years from book adopters and students. She lives in Altadena, California with husband Dave Bedrosian, and son David. Whenever she can, she spends time with her daughter Nicole, who lives in Wyoming. In her spare time she enjoys photography, reading true crime books, music, crossword puzzles, and playing with her seven rescued kitties. Dedication We wish to dedicate this book to microbes, those ingenious beings that beckon us into another realm that exists beyond our naked eyes. We marvel at their fantastic variety and wild, exotic ways of life. And even after many lifetimes of study, we still have much to learn from the tiny “animalcules” that Leeuwenhoek fi rst saw over 300 years ago in “such enormous numbers that all the water seemed to be alive.” About the Authors Kathy Talaro (right) and her daughter, Nicole. taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page iv 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile
About the AuthorsTheaddition of twoproven educators makes a great learning system even betterWriting a textbooktakes an enormous amount of timeBarry Chesshas been teach-and effort.Notextbook author has the time to write a greating microbiology at Pasadena Citytextbook and also write an entire book's worth of accompa-College for 14 years.He receivednying digital learningtools-at least not with any amountofhis Bachelor's and Master's de-success or accuracy. In the past, this material has often beengreesfromCalifornia StateUniver-builtafterthetextpublishes,buthopefully intimeforclassessity, Los Angeles, and did severalto start. With the new digital era upon us, it is time to beginyears of post-qraduate work at thethinking of digital tools differently.In classrooms across theUniversityof California, Irvine,country,thousands of students who are visual learners and-wherehis research focused on thebeennaveusingcomputersexpression of eukaryotic genes in-videogamessmariphonesvolved in the development of mus-music players, and a variety ofcle and bone.other gadgets since they couldAt Pasadena City College,Barry developed a new coursetalk are begging for an interac-in human genetics and helped to institute a biotechnologytive way to learn their courseprogram. He regularly teaches courses in microbiology,material.Enterthedigitalgeneral biology,and genetics, and works with students com-author. With this eighth edition,pleting independent research projects in biology and micro-weareexcitedtoaddprofessorbiology.Over the past several years, Barry's interests haveHeidi SmithfromFrontRangebequntofocusoninnovativemethodsofteachingthatleaoe.CommunityCollegetotheTalaro/to qreaterstudentunderstandingencasesforHCrItChess team. Heidi teaches microbiology and anatomy & physi-theNational CenterinScienceandforCaseStudyLeachingology and has worked hand-in-hand with the textbook authors,presented talks atnationalmeetinuse.ofcasestudcreating online tools that truly complement and enhance theiesintheclassroomh.Jn2009.hislaboratmanual,Labora-book's content.She ensured that all keytopics in the book havetoryApplicgtionsinMicrobiology:ACgseStudyApproach.wasinteractive, engaging activities spanning levels of Bloom's tax-published. He is thrilled andfortunatetobefeelsveronomy,andtiedtoLearningOutcomesinthebook.InstructorscollaboratingwithKathyTalaro,withwhom.hehas.workedcan now assign material based on what they cover in class, as-intheclassroomfor morethana decade,on thiseighthsess their students on theLearning Outcomes, and run reportsedition. Barry is a member of the American Society forindicating individual and/or class performance on a variety ofMicrobiology and regularly attends meetings in his fields ofdata.Because of Heidi,we can now offeryou a robust digitalinterest, both to keep current of changes in the disciplinelearning program,tied to Learning Outcomes,to enhanceyourand to exchange teaching and learning strategies with oth-lecture and lab, whether you run a traditional, hybrid, or fullyers in the field.online course."I am gratified to introduce Barry Chess, a professorat Pasadena City College,as my coauthor on this new edition.Hepromises to bring afresh eyeto thisprojectalong withhisownexpertise ingenetics and molecularbiology,and acommitmenttocraftingahighqualityproduct.Barryhasaneasy,veryreader-friendlywritingstylethatcomplementsmyown.Heisastute andknowledgeable, witha rare abilityto gettotheheart of complexprinciplesyetkeepthe readerinvolved and interestedalongtheway.Heoften incorporatesanecdotes,mnemonicdevices,casestudies,and analogiesforhelpingstudentstolearnandunderstandmoredifficultandabstractconcepts."KathleenParkTalaro
v Barry Chess has been teaching microbiology at Pasadena City College for 14 years. He received his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from California State University, Los Angeles, and did several years of post-graduate work at the University of California, Irvine, where his research focused on the expression of eukaryotic genes involved in the development of muscle and bone. At Pasadena City College, Barry developed a new course in human genetics and helped to institute a biotechnology program. He regularly teaches courses in microbiology, general biology, and genetics, and works with students completing independent research projects in biology and microbiology. Over the past several years, Barry’s interests have begun to focus on innovative methods of teaching that lead to greater student understanding. He has written cases for the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science and presented talks at national meetings on the use of case studies in the classroom. In 2009, his laboratory manual, Laboratory Applications in Microbiology: A Case Study Approach, was published. He is thrilled and feels very fortunate to be collaborating with Kathy Talaro, with whom he has worked in the classroom for more than a decade, on this eighth edition. Barry is a member of the American Society for Microbiology and regularly attends meetings in his fields of interest, both to keep current of changes in the discipline and to exchange teaching and learning strategies with others in the field. Writing a textbook takes an enormous amount of time and effort. No textbook author has the time to write a great textbook and also write an entire book’s worth of accompanying digital learning tools—at least not with any amount of success or accuracy. In the past, this material has often been built after the text publishes, but hopefully in time for classes to start. With the new digital era upon us, it is time to begin thinking of digital tools differently. In classrooms across the country, thousands of students who are visual learners and have been using computers, video games, smart phones, music players, and a variety of other gadgets since they could talk are begging for an interactive way to learn their course material. Enter the digital author. With this eighth edition, we are excited to add professor Heidi Smith from Front Range Community College to the Talaro/ Chess team. Heidi teaches microbiology and anatomy & physiology and has worked hand-in-hand with the textbook authors, creating online tools that truly complement and enhance the book’s content. She ensured that all key topics in the book have interactive, engaging activities spanning levels of Bloom’s taxonomy, and tied to Learning Outcomes in the book. Instructors can now assign material based on what they cover in class, assess their students on the Learning Outcomes, and run reports indicating individual and/or class performance on a variety of data. Because of Heidi, we can now offer you a robust digital learning program, tied to Learning Outcomes, to enhance your lecture and lab, whether you run a traditional, hybrid, or fully online course. About the Authors The addition of two proven educators makes a great learning system even better “I am gratifi ed to introduce Barry Chess, a professor at Pasadena City College, as my coauthor on this new edition. He promises to bring a fresh eye to this project along with his own expertise in genetics and molecular biology, and a commitment to crafting a high quality product. Barry has an easy, very reader-friendly writing style that complements my own. He is astute and knowledgeable, with a rare ability to get to the heart of complex principles yet keep the reader involved and interested along the way. He often incorporates anecdotes, mnemonic devices, case studies, and analogies for helping students to learn and understand more diffi cult and abstract concepts.” —Kathleen Park Talaro taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page v 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile
IntegratedLearningSystemCustomizedtoyourCourseOutcomesMcGraw-Hill Higher Education and Blackboard haveteamed up!What does this mean for you?1.Your life,simplified.Now you and yourstudents can access McGraw-Hill'sConnectrM and CreaterMrightfromwithinyourBlackboard courseall with one single sign-on. Say goodbye to the days of logging in to multipleapplications.2.Deep integration of content and tools.Notonly do yougetsinglesign-on withConnectrM and CreateM,youalsogetdeepintegration of McGraw-Hill content and content engines right in Blackboard.Whetheryou'rechoosinga bookforyour course orbuilding Connectrmassignments,all thetoolsyou need arerightwhereyou wantthem-inside ofBlackboard..SeamlessGradebooks.AreyoutiredofkeepingmultiplegradebooksandmanuallysynchronizinggradesintoBlackboard?Wethoughtso.Whenastudentcompletes an integratedConnectrMassignment,thegradeforthatassignment automatically (and instantly) feeds yourBlackboard grade center4.A solution for everyone.Whether your institution is already usingBlackboardoryoujustwanttotryBlackboardonyourown.wehaveasolutionforyou.McGraw-Hill andBlackboard cannowofferyoueasyaccess to industry leading technologyandcontent, whetheryourcampushosts it, or wedo.Besuretoask yourlocal McGraw-Hill representativefor details.McBbGrawHBlackboardDo More
1. Your life, simplifi ed. Now you and your students can access McGrawHill’s Connect™ and Create™ right from within your Blackboard course – all with one single sign-on. Say goodbye to the days of logging in to multiple applications. 2. Deep integration of content and tools. Not only do you get single sign-on with Connect™ and Create™, you also get deep integration of McGraw-Hill content and content engines right in Blackboard. Whether you’re choosing a book for your course or building Connect™ assignments, all the tools you need are right where you want them—inside of Blackboard. 3. Seamless Gradebooks. Are you tired of keeping multiple gradebooks and manually synchronizing grades into Blackboard? We thought so. When a student completes an integrated Connect™ assignment, the grade for that assignment automatically (and instantly) feeds your Blackboard grade center. 4. A solution for everyone. Whether your institution is already using Blackboard or you just want to try Blackboard on your own, we have a solution for you. McGraw-Hill and Blackboard can now offer you easy access to industry leading technology and content, whether your campus hosts it, or we do. Be sure to ask your local McGraw-Hill representative for details. Integrated Learning System Customized to your Course Outcomes McGraw-Hill Higher Education and Blackboard® have teamed up! What does this mean for you? vi taL75292_fm_i-xxxii.indd Page vi 12/10/10 11:05 AM user-f469 /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefiles /Volume/201/MHDQ245/taL75292_disk1of1/0073375292/taL75292_pagefile