Periodic patternsPATTERN 2. S. D, AND P BLOCKSS blockphysicalsoft, low m.p. metals; colorless compoundschemicalalkaline in water; strong reducing agentsvalency same as group numberunreactive cations: little hydrolysisd blockphysicalhard, high m.p.metal; colored compoundschemicalunreactive in water; variable valencyform complex ions; cations hydrolyzedpblockmetalsphysicalsofter and lower m.p.than d blockchemicaltwo valencies except Alp block non-metals physical solids, liquids or gases depending onstructurechemical variable valence
11 Periodic patterns S block physical soft, low m.p. metals; colorless compounds chemical alkaline in water; strong reducing agents valency same as group number unreactive cations: little hydrolysis d block physical hard, high m.p. metal; colored compounds chemical unreactive in water; variable valency form complex ions; cations hydrolyzed p block metals physical softer and lower m.p. than d block chemical two valencies except Al p block non-metals physical solids, liquids or gases depending on structure chemical variable valence PATTERN 2. S, D, AND P BLOCKS
PeriodicpatternsPATTERN3.DOWN THE GROUPSSimilar properties within a group related to the outer shellelectronsTrends and differences going down a group related to thenumber ofinner electrons and hence the size of the atoms.The atoms of the elements at the top of a group are often so smallthattheyhave unusualproperties.increasing8numberof34567innershellssotrendsOO.same outer shell so similarproperties
12 Periodic patterns PATTERN 3. DOWN THE GROUPS Similar properties within a group related to the outer shell electrons Trends and differences going down a group related to the number of inner electrons and hence the size of the atoms. The atoms of the elements at the top of a group are often so small that they have unusual properties
PeriodicpatternsPATTERN 4. ACROSS THE PERIODSphysicalnon-metalmetal-insuleateconduct-brittleductile-acidic in waterchemicalbasicinwateroxidantsreductantsanionsorligandscations13
13 Periodic patterns PATTERN 4. ACROSS THE PERIODS
PeriodicpatternsWordsWords and Expressionspattern:periodic patterndown the groups; across the periodvariable;varyvalency14
14 Periodic patterns Words pattern: periodic pattern down the groups; across the period variable; vary valency Words and Expressions
Patterns in the elements and compoundsofthe second periodPatternsinthe elements and compoundsof the second periodELEMENTS lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neonBondingmetallicmetalliccovalent covalent covalent covalentcovalentnomacromolecularmacromolecularmolecularmolecularmolecularatomicRedoxreducing agentoxidizing agent15
15 Patterns in the elements and compounds of the second period ELEMENTS lithium berylliumboron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon Bonding metallic metallic covalent covalent covalent covalent covalent no macromolecular macromolecular molecular molecular molecular atomic Redox Patterns in the elements and compounds of the second period reducing agent oxidizing agent