《结构化学 Structural Chemistry》课程教学资源（课件讲稿）Chapter 2 Atomic Structure

Brief SummaryofChapter1能量量子化A.自B. 测不准原理：4xAporAEAt≥h微观粒子波动性--运动粒子在空间出现的几率分布1.几率密度分布函数/22. 正交归一性：/*4,dt= i呈现波的特征--几率波！3.本征函数/方程：Ay=aY4.Schrodinger方程：iho/at=H量子力学的统计学本质(定态）IH(r) = EY(r)量子力学体系的状态函数5.态叠加原理：Y=Zc;V，A;=A,-波函数(r,t)求平均值：<A>=/*Adt//y*Ydt简单体系：维势箱= Zc?A/ Zc?1HP=EP2h?ZnxI1EsinW=(n, = 1,2,3,...一2)边界条件18mi=1-3i-1-3

Brief Summary of Chapter 1 微观粒子波动性-运动粒 子在空间出现的几率分布 呈现波的特征-几率波！ 简单体系 : i维势箱 1) Ĥ = E 2) 边界条件 量子力学的统计学本质 量子力学体系的状态函数 -波函数(r,t) A. 能量量子化 B. 测不准原理：xp or Et  ħ 1. 几率密度分布函数 || 2 2. 正交归一性： i *jd = ij 3. 本征函数/方程： Â = a 4. Schrödinger方程：iħ/t = Ĥ (定态) Ĥ(r) = E(r) 5. 态叠加原理: = cii , Âi = Aii 求平均值: <A> = *Âd /*d = ci 2Ai / ci 2 2 2 2 8       m h H T V T  ˆ ˆ ˆ    1 3 sin 2 i i i i i l n x l   ( 1,2,3,.) 8 1 3 2 2 2      i i i i n l n m h E

Chapter 2 Atomicstructure12

Chapter 2 Atomic structure

AtomThe basicbuilding blockof all matters.The smallestparticle of an element that has thesame propertiesastheelement.Composed of a central nucleusand anelectroncloudElectroncloud:notreallyacloudofelectrons,butan informal description of the probability wave ofelectronsinconstantmotion!2

• The basic building block of all matters. • The smallest particle of an element that has the same properties as the element. Atom • Composed of a central nucleus and an “electron cloud ”. • Electron cloud：not really a cloud of electrons, but an informal description of the probability wave of electrons in constant motion!

EvolutionofAtomic:Models1803,AtomicTheory"byJohnDalton1904, “Plum pudding' model proposed by J.J. Thomson afterhis discovery of electron (1897)in cathoderaysCrookestubei.e.,negatively charged electronsembeddedinauniformlydistributedpositive charge

Evolution of Atomic Models i.e., negatively charged electrons embedded in a uniformly distributed positive charge. • 1803, “Atomic Theory” by John Dalton. Crookes tube • 1904, “Plum pudding” model proposed by J.J. Thomson after his discovery of electron (1897) in cathode rays

History of Atomic Models191l, disproval of Thomson's model!BeamofalphaparticlesDeflectedScatteredRadioactivealphaparticlesalphaparticlessourceGeiger and Marsden with E.Rutherfordperformed ascattering experiment withalpha particles (He2+) shot onLead-linedCirculara thin gold foilbexwithholefluorescentscreenMostparticlesGoldfoilpassstraightthroughundeflectedAlphagoldfoilGold folloariclesDeflectionangle@z90alpha sourceexpected米上10-3500alpha particles(predicted by Thomson model)10-4observed(observed by Rutherford et al.)

History of Atomic Models Geiger and Marsden with E. Rutherford performed a scattering experiment with alpha particles (He2+) shot on a thin gold foil. 10-3500 (predicted by Thomson model) 10-4 (observed by Rutherford et al.) • 1911, disproval of Thomson’s model! Deflection angle  90