Chemistry EnglishFor 1st-year undergraduate students of CCCEByXinLu（吕鑫)E-mail:xinlu@xmu.edu.cnTel:2181600 (Office)5916410(Home)http://pcssl.xmu.edu.cn/~xinlu/C6o (Fullerene)Carbon NanotubeTwo hottest allotropic forms of carbon
Chemistry English For 1st -year undergraduate students of CCCE By Xin Lu (吕鑫) E-mail: xinlu@xmu.edu.cn Tel: 2181600 (Office) 5916410(Home) http://pcss1.xmu.edu.cn/~xinlu/ • Two hottest allotropic forms of carbon C60 (Fullerene) Carbon Nanotube
Outline.SomeAspects ofGeneralChemistry(~7 times).SomeAspects ofOrganicChemistry (~4times)·SomeAspectsof Biochemistry(~2 times)URL ofthis course: http:/pcssl.xmu.edu.cn/-xinlu/courses/ce/Reference Books**IntroductiontoGeneral,OrganicandBiologicalChemistrybySallySolomon,McGraw-Hill BookCompany.《科技英语选读：化学化工·材料应用物理》，主编：马翎，外文出版社。Chemical&EngineeringNews(Weekly),AmericanChemicalSociety.1
1 Outline • Some Aspects of General Chemistry ( ~ 7 times) • Some Aspects of Organic Chemistry ( ~ 4 times) • Some Aspects of Biochemistry ( ~2 times) URL of this course: http://pcss1.xmu.edu.cn/~xinlu/courses/ce/ Reference Books • **Introduction to General, Organic and Biological Chemistry by Sally Solomon, McGraw-Hill Book Company. • 《科技英语选读：化学化工•材料•应用物理》，主编：马翎，外文出版社。 • Chemical & Engineering News (Weekly), American Chemical Society
ContentChapter1MeasurementsNChapter2-5Matter and EnergyChapter3Atoms7Chapter412ChemicalBondingChapter5-18Gases and AtmosphereChapter6--20Liquids and Solids23Chapter7Solutions-28Chapter8ChemicalReactions-32Chapter9Acids and Bases-35Chapter10Alkanes38Chapter 11Alkenes and Alkynes40Chapter 12Benzenes and TheAromaticHydrocarbonsChapter 13- 43Alcohols and Ethes-- 45Chapter 14Aldehydes andKetonesChapter15CarboxylicAcidsandDerivatives48Chapter16Amines,OtherNitrogen Compoundsand Organic Sulfur49Compounds53Chapter17SyntheticPolymers56Chapter18CarbohydratesChapter 1959Proteins科技英语论文写作Chapter20--612
2 Content Chapter 1 Measurements ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 3 Chapter 2 Matter and Energy ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 5 Chapter 3 Atoms ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 7 Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 12 Chapter 5 Gases and Atmosphere ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 18 Chapter 6 Liquids and Solids ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 20 Chapter 7 Solutions ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 23 Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 28 Chapter 9 Acids and Bases ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 32 Chapter 10 Alkanes ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 35 Chapter 11 Alkenes and Alkynes ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 38 Chapter 12 Benzenes and The Aromatic Hydrocarbons ┄┄┄ 40 Chapter 13 Alcohols and Ethes ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 43 Chapter 14 Aldehydes and Ketones ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 45 Chapter 15 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 48 Chapter 16 Amines, Other Nitrogen Compounds and Organic Sulfur Compounds ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 49 Chapter 17 Synthetic Polymers ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 53 Chapter 18 Carbohydrates ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 56 Chapter 19 Proteins ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 59 Chapter 20 科技英语论文写作 ┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄ 61
Chapter 1Measurements1.1IntroductionFrom simple chemicals the modem chemist can synthesize a drug with the ideal structural features totreat a particular disease or create a remarkable plastic with just the right properties to replace a wombody part.Very rarely does a sudden, almost magical, discovery lead the way to this sort of success.Inmostcasescareful,occasionallytedious,experimentationmustcomefirst.Perfoming experiments in chemistry and interpreting their results is what chemists do. It is with thedevices used to produce measured quantities, the units in which they are expressed, and the techniquesusedtodocalculations uponthem thatthe studyofchemistry begins1.2ExperimentsChemical experiments fall into two broad categories, qualitative experiments and quantitativeexperiments.In qualitative experiments, the presence or absence of some physical quantity is noted.Inquantitative experiments, the physical quantities aremeasured to see how muchofit there is.For example, in the experiments to testfor glucose in urine, a Qualitative observation shows that thesample contains glucose, whereas a Quantitative observation shows that the sample contains 10mg ofglucose.1.3Units and the SI SystemA unit describesa physical quantity that is being measured, e.g. 10 mgofglucoseApractical and useful setofunits must be internationallyaccepted and unambiguouslydefinedThree sets of units in use are:a)English System: e.g.,foot and pound, rarely used in scientific studiesb)Metric system: e.g.,meter and kilogram units, widely adopted.International SystemofUnits (SISystem)c)1.4SIUnitsSIunits werecreated in1969,inordertoclear upanypossibleconfusionaboutwhichunits shouldbe included in the modern metric system.SI Units includes the SI base units, the SI derived units,andthe SI prefixes.SI base units: There are seven SI base units for length, mass, time, amount of substance,temperature,electric current and luminous intensity,respectively.Theyare listed in the Table followingPhysical QuantityName of UnitAbbreviationLengthmetermMasskgkilogramTimesecondsmolemolAmountof substanceKkelvinTemperatureAElectric currentamperecdLuminous intensitycandela3
3 Chapter 1 Measurements 1.1 Introduction From simple chemicals the modern chemist can synthesize a drug with the ideal structural features to treat a particular disease or create a remarkable plastic with just the right properties to replace a worn body part. Very rarely does a sudden, almost magical, discovery lead the way to this sort of success. In most cases careful, occasionally tedious, experimentation must come first. Performing experiments in chemistry and interpreting their results is what chemists do. It is with the devices used to produce measured quantities, the units in which they are expressed, and the techniques used to do calculations upon them that the study of chemistry begins. 1.2 Experiments Chemical experiments fall into two broad categories, qualitative experiments and quantitative experiments. In qualitative experiments, the presence or absence of some physical quantity is noted. In quantitative experiments, the physical quantities are measured to see how much of it there is. For example, in the experiments to test for glucose in urine, a Qualitative observation shows that the sample contains glucose, whereas a Quantitative observation shows that the sample contains 10mg of glucose. 1.3 Units and the SI System A unit describes a physical quantity that is being measured, e.g. 10 mg of glucose. A practical and useful set of units must be internationally accepted and unambiguously defined. Three sets of units in use are: a) English System: e.g., foot and pound, rarely used in scientific studies. b) Metric system: e.g., meter and kilogram units, widely adopted. c) International System of Units(SI System). 1.4 SI Units SI units were created in 1969, in order to clear up any possible confusion about which units should be included in the modern metric system. SI Units includes the SI base units, the SI derived units, and the SI prefixes. SI base units: There are seven SI base units for length, mass, time, amount of substance, temperature, electric current and luminous intensity, respectively. They are listed in the Table following. Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Amount of substance mole mol Temperature kelvin K Electric current ampere A Luminous intensity candela cd
SIPrefixes:The ninewidelyused SI prefixes arelisted in thefollowing tablePrefixMeaningAbbreviationpicop10-12 (one-trillionth)n10-9 (one-billionth)nano10-6 (one-millionth)microμmillim10-3 (one-thousandth)c10-2 (one-hundredth)centiddeci10-" (one-tenth)kkilo103 (one thousand times)M10° (onemillion times)megaSI Derived UnitsSI derived units are in form of combinations of SI base units and, sometimes, SI Prefixes.Forexample,VolumeunitsareSIderivedunitsvolumeunit=(lengthunit)31cm3=1ml(milliliter)Idm3=1L(liter)ContainersthatareusedinchemicallaboratoriestomeasurevolumeincludeBeaker（量杯，烧杯）Graduated cylinder（量筒），Burette（滴管），Syringe(注射器），Measuringpipet（吸量管）Transferpipet(移液管),andVolumetricflask(容量瓶)Another SI derivedunitisforDensitywhichisthecombinationofmassandvolumeunitsDensity=mass/volumeWater: 1.0g/cm3(1g/ml)Gold: 19.3g/cm3(19.3g/ml)4
4 SI Prefixes: The nine widely used SI prefixes are listed in the following table. Prefix Abbreviation Meaning pico p 10-12 (one-trillionth) nano n 10-9 (one-billionth) micro 10-6 (one-millionth) milli m 10-3 (one-thousandth) centi c 10-2 (one-hundredth) deci d 10-1 (one-tenth) kilo k 103 (one thousand times) mega M 106 (one million times) SI Derived Units SI derived units are in form of combinations of SI base units and, sometimes, SI Prefixes. For example, Volume units are SI derived units. volume unit =(length unit)3 1 cm3 = 1 ml (milliliter) 1 dm3 = 1 L (liter) Containers that are used in chemical laboratories to measure volume include Beaker (量杯, 烧杯), Graduated cylinder (量筒), Burette (滴管), Syringe(注射器), Measuring pipet (吸量管 ), Transfer pipet(移液管),and Volumetric flask(容量瓶). Another SI derived unit is for Density which is the combination of mass and volume units. Density = mass/volume Water: 1.0 g/cm3 (1 g/ml) Gold: 19.3 g/cm3 (19.3 g/ml)