WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 续》 World health Organization
ISBN 978 92 4 156526 4 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS WHO 2016 MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs S U S T A I N A B L E DEVELOPMENT GOALS
WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 201 MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS World health Organization
WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs S U S T A I N A B L E DEVELOPMENT GOALS
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals 1. Health Status Indicators. 2. Global Health. 3. Health Priorities. 4 Mortality. 5. Universal Coverage. 6. Life Expectancy. 7.Statistics. I World Health SN9789241565264 (NLM classification: WA 900.1) E|SBN9789240695696(PDF o World Health Organization 2016 AllrightsreservedPublicationsoftheWorldHealthOrganizationareavailableontheWhowebsite(www.who.int)or chased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1Z I Geneva 27, Switzerland(tel: +41227913264: fax +41 227914857: email: @who. int) Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications-whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution-should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website(wwwwho. int/about /licensing/opyright_form/en/index. html) The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization conceming the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the world Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use Photo credits: page l UN Photo/ Kibae Park page 3 WHO/SEARO/David Orr, page 7 WHO/ Sergey Volkov, page 15 WHO/ Chris de bode, page 23 WHO/SEAROKaren Reidy: page 29 WHO/Christopher Black. esign and layout by LlV Com Sarl, Villars-sous-Yens, Switzerland. Printed in france
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. 1.Health Status Indicators. 2.Global Health. 3.Health Priorities. 4.Mortality. 5.Universal Coverage. 6.Life Expectancy. 7.Statistics. I.World Health ISBN 978 92 4 156526 4 (NLM classification: WA 900.1) E-ISBN 978 92 4 069569 6 (PDF) © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Photo credits: page 1 UN Photo/Kibae Park; page 3 WHO/SEARO/David Orr; page 7 WHO/Sergey Volkov; page 15 WHO/Chris de Bode; page 23 WHO/SEARO/Karen Reidy; page 29 WHO/Christopher Black. Design and layout by L’IV Com Sàrl, Villars-sous-Yens, Switzerland. Printed in France
CONTENTS Executive summary Abbreviations Introduction 1. The 2030 Agenda- a new impetus for health monitoring 2. Implications of the SD Gs for health monitoring-a challenge and an opportunity for all countries 2.1 Scope-an agenda for all countries 2.2 Contents-all major health areas are included 2.3 Equity -the need for disaggregated data 2.4 Multisectoral data-health-related risk factors and determinants 2.5 Country monitoring- data gaps and capacity 2.6 Regional and global monitoring -mechanisms and estimates 2.7 Review -using data for improved implementation 6 3. Monitoring the health goal- indicators of overall progress 3.1 Life expectancy -major gains but still large differences 3.2 Healthy life expectancy- gaining healthy life years 3.3 Premature mortality -focusing on deaths among those under 70 years of age 12 3.4 Data gaps-most deaths not registered 4. Universal health coverage-at the centre of the health goal 4.1 UHC coverage index of essential health services-a new summary measure 15 4.2 Inequalities in coverage- towards an integrated assessment 4.3 Financial protection -measuring the impact of out-of-pocket payments 4.4 Data gaps- regular UHC monitoring is possible 5. Equity- leave no one behind 5.1 Sex-major differences between men and women for many indicators 5.2 Age- data should cover the full life course 5.3 Socioeconomic status -major disadvantages for the poorest and the least educated 5.4 Place of residence- focus on geographical differences within countries 5.5 Migrants and minorities-requiring special efforts 5.6 Data gaps- disaggregation is a crucial data challenge 6. SDG health and health-related targets 29 6.1 Health targets-13 targets and 26 proposed indicators 6.2 Health-related targets in other goals -many targets linked to health 6.3 Situation in 2016-a sketch based on global data Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health 30 eases Noncommunicable diseases and mental health Injuries and violence Health systems 6.4 Data gaps - need for strong country health information systems MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs iii Executive summary ....................................................................... v Abbreviations ........................................................................... vi Introduction............................................................................ viii 1. The 2030 Agenda – a new impetus for health monitoring........................................ 1 2. Implications of the SDGs for health monitoring – a challenge and an opportunity for all countries........ 3 2.1 Scope – an agenda for all countries....................................................... 3 2.2 Contents – all major health areas are included .............................................. 4 2.3 Equity – the need for disaggregated data .................................................. 4 2.4 Multisectoral data – health-related risk factors and determinants ................................ 4 2.5 Country monitoring – data gaps and capacity ............................................... 4 2.6 Regional and global monitoring – mechanisms and estimates ................................... 5 2.7 Review – using data for improved implementation ........................................... 6 3. Monitoring the health goal – indicators of overall progress ...................................... 7 3.1 Life expectancy – major gains but still large differences ........................................ 7 3.2 Healthy life expectancy – gaining healthy life years .......................................... 10 3.3 Premature mortality – focusing on deaths among those under 70 years of age...................... 12 3.4 Data gaps – most deaths not registered .................................................. 12 4. Universal health coverage – at the centre of the health goal .................................... 15 4.1 UHC coverage index of essential health services – a new summary measure ....................... 15 4.2 Inequalities in coverage – towards an integrated assessment................................... 17 4.3 Financial protection – measuring the impact of out-of-pocket payments .......................... 17 4.4 Data gaps – regular UHC monitoring is possible ............................................ 21 5. Equity – leave no one behind............................................................. 23 5.1 Sex – major differences between men and women for many indicators ........................... 24 5.2 Age – data should cover the full life course ................................................ 25 5.3 Socioeconomic status – major disadvantages for the poorest and the least educated ................. 25 5.4 Place of residence – focus on geographical differences within countries ........................... 26 5.5 Migrants and minorities – requiring special efforts .......................................... 26 5.6 Data gaps – disaggregation is a crucial data challenge........................................ 28 6. SDG health and health-related targets ..................................................... 29 6.1 Health targets – 13 targets and 26 proposed indicators ....................................... 29 6.2 Health-related targets in other goals – many targets linked to health ............................. 30 6.3 Situation in 2016 – a sketch based on global data ........................................... 30 Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health ........................................ 30 Infectious diseases ............................................................... 35 Noncommunicable diseases and mental health .......................................... 36 Injuries and violence .............................................................. 37 Health systems.................................................................. 38 6.4 Data gaps – need for strong country health information systems ................................ 39 CONTENTS
Annex A: Summaries of the SDG health and health-related targets Explanatory notes Target 3.1 Maternal mortality Target 3. 1 Births attended by skilled health personnel Target 3.2 Child mortality Target 3.3 HIV Target 3.3 Tuberculosis Target 3.3 Malaria Target 3.3 Hepatitis Target 3.3 Neglected tropical diseases Target 3. 4 Noncommunicable diseases Target 3. 4 Suicide Target 3.5 Substance abuse Target 3.6 Road traffic injuries Target 3.7 Sexual and reproductive health Target 3.9 Mortality due to air pollution 24680卫 Target 3.9 Mortality due to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene Target 3.9 Mortality due to unintentional poisoning Target 3. a Tobacco use 76 Target 3. b Essential medicines and vaccines Target 3 c Health workforce Target 3.d National and global health risks arget 2.2 Child stunting Target 2.2 Child wasting and overweight Target 6.1 Drinking-water Target 6.2 Sanitation Target 7.1 Clean household energy arget 11.6 Ambient air pollution Target 13.1 Natural disaster Target 16.1 Homicide Target 16.1 Conflicts Annex B: Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally Explanatory notes 103 Annex C: WHO regional groupings WORLD HEALTH STATISTS: 2016
iv WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2016 Annex A: Summaries of the SDG health and health-related targets ................................. 43 Explanatory notes ...................................................................... 43 Target 3.1 Maternal mortality ............................................................. 44 Target 3.1 Births attended by skilled health personnel ........................................... 46 Target 3.2 Child mortality ................................................................ 48 Target 3.3 HIV ........................................................................ 50 Target 3.3 Tuberculosis .................................................................. 52 Target 3.3 Malaria ..................................................................... 54 Target 3.3 Hepatitis .................................................................... 56 Target 3.3 Neglected tropical diseases....................................................... 58 Target 3.4 Noncommunicable diseases ...................................................... 60 Target 3.4 Suicide ...................................................................... 62 Target 3.5 Substance abuse............................................................... 64 Target 3.6 Road traffic injuries ............................................................. 66 Target 3.7 Sexual and reproductive health .................................................... 68 Target 3.9 Mortality due to air pollution...................................................... 70 Target 3.9 Mortality due to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene......................... 72 Target 3.9 Mortality due to unintentional poisoning ............................................. 74 Target 3.a Tobacco use .................................................................. 76 Target 3.b Essential medicines and vaccines .................................................. 78 Target 3.c Health workforce .............................................................. 80 Target 3.d National and global health risks.................................................... 82 Target 2.2 Child stunting................................................................. 84 Target 2.2 Child wasting and overweight ..................................................... 86 Target 6.1 Drinking-water ................................................................ 88 Target 6.2 Sanitation.................................................................... 90 Target 7.1 Clean household energy ......................................................... 92 Target 11.6 Ambient air pollution ........................................................... 94 Target 13.1 Natural disaster ............................................................... 96 Target 16.1 Homicide .................................................................... 98 Target 16.1 Conflicts.................................................................... 100 Annex B: Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally ........................... 103 Explanatory notes ..................................................................... 103 Annex C: WHO regional groupings.......................................................... 121