《精神科护理学 Psychiatric Nursing》教学阅读资源：2016 World Health Statistics.pdf_P6-P10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the 2030 Agenda integrate all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) recognizing that eradicating poverty and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and preserving the planet are inextricably linked Health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with one comprehensive goal (SDG 3)and its 13 targets covering all major health priorities, and links to targets in many of the other goals The 2030 Agenda has major implications for health monitoring Monitoring will need to reflect the fact that the SDgs are relevant for all countries In order to accommodate a much broader range of health and health-related issues, country regional and global monitoring systems will have to adapt. This will mean, at the very least, undertaking health data collection, analysis and communication in an integrated manner. The SDg focus on leaving no one behind means that much greater attention will have to be given to disaggregated data. Health monitoring will have to look beyond the health sector and consider economic, social and environmental indicators, as well as intersectoral actions. The 2030 Agenda also puts strong emphasis on country follow-up and review processes as the basis for accountability Strengthening country health information systems should therefore be a priority This report brings together the most recent data on the proposed health and selected health-related SDG indicators-to assess the current situation and describe crucial data gaps In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as(healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation As universal health coverage(UHC) is a central concern, statistics are presented on a service-coverage index and on measures of financial protection using the WHo/World Bank UHC monitoring framework. In relation to equity special attention is given to describing the statistical situation disaggregated by key demographic, geographic and socioeconomic characteristics Because the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the interlinked nature of all the various goals, this report also includes indicators of selected health determinants and risk factors in relation to other SDG targets. more work is required to fully integrate monitoring the health dimension in other goals in the battle against infectious dis such as Hiv/AiDS, tuberculosis The situation analysis also provides evidence of the importance of addressing noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors such as tobacco use, mental health problems, road traffic injuries, and environmental health Data on water and sanitation and air quality show that much more needs to be done to reduce risks to health Weak health systems are a major obstacle in many countries, resulting in major deficiencies in UHC for even the most basic health services and inadequate preparedness for health emergencies This report shows that for most sdg health and health-related targets it is possible to provide an overview of the global situation and trends using a limited number of indicators. It, however, also shows that there are major data gaps for many indicators. For instance, several health and health-related indicators require regular, quality data on mortality by age, sex and cause of death, which are still lacking in most countries. The demand for comparable disaggregated statistics is particularly challenging for almost all indicators. These deficiencies will require major investments in strengthening country health information and statistical systems MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY T he 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda integrate all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) recognizing that eradicating poverty and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and preserving the planet are inextricably linked. Health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with one comprehensive goal (SDG 3) and its 13 targets covering all major health priorities, and links to targets in many of the other goals. The 2030 Agenda has major implications for health monitoring. Monitoring will need to reflect the fact that the SDGs are relevant for all countries. In order to accommodate a much broader range of health and health-related issues, country, regional and global monitoring systems will have to adapt. This will mean, at the very least, undertaking health data collection, analysis and communication in an integrated manner. The SDG focus on leaving no one behind means that much greater attention will have to be given to disaggregated data. Health monitoring will have to look beyond the health sector and consider economic, social and environmental indicators, as well as intersectoral actions. The 2030 Agenda also puts strong emphasis on country follow-up and review processes as the basis for accountability. Strengthening country health information systems should therefore be a priority. This report brings together the most recent data on the proposed health and selected health-related SDG indicators – to assess the current situation and describe crucial data gaps. In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as (healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation. As universal health coverage (UHC) is a central concern, statistics are presented on a service-coverage index and on measures of financial protection using the WHO/World Bank UHC monitoring framework. In relation to equity, special attention is given to describing the statistical situation disaggregated by key demographic, geographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Because the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the interlinked nature of all the various goals, this report also includes indicators of selected health determinants and risk factors in relation to other SDG targets. More work is required to fully integrate monitoring the health dimension in other goals. Available data show that in spite of the major progress during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era, major challenges remain in terms of reducing maternal and child mortality, improving nutrition, and achieving further progress in the battle against infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases and hepatitis. The situation analysis also provides evidence of the importance of addressing noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors such as tobacco use, mental health problems, road traffic injuries, and environmental health issues. Data on water and sanitation and air quality show that much more needs to be done to reduce risks to health. Weak health systems are a major obstacle in many countries, resulting in major deficiencies in UHC for even the most basic health services and inadequate preparedness for health emergencies. This report shows that for most SDG health and health-related targets it is possible to provide an overview of the global situation and trends using a limited number of indicators. It, however, also shows that there are major data gaps for many indicators. For instance, several health and health-related indicators require regular, quality data on mortality by age, sex and cause of death, which are still lacking in most countries. The demand for comparable disaggregated statistics is particularly challenging for almost all indicators. These deficiencies will require major investments in strengthening country health information and statistical systems

INTRODUCTION he World Health Statistics series is WHOs annual compilation of health statistics for its 194 Member States orld Health Statistics 2016 focuses on the proposed health and health-related Sustainable Development goals (SDGs)and associated targets. It represents an initial effort to bring together available data on SDg health and health-related indicators In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as(healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation The series is produced by the WHo Department of Information, Evidence and Research, of the health Systems and Innovation Cluster, in collaboration with all relevant technical departments of WHO. As in previous years, World Health Statistics 2016 has been compiled primarily using publications and databases produced and maintained by who or United Nations groups of which WHO is a member, such as the UN Inter-agency group for Child mortality Estimation(IGME) A number of statistics have been derived from data produced and maintained by other international organizations, such as the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA) and its Population Division Unless otherwise stated, all estimates have been cleared following consultation with Member States and are published here as official WHO figures Where necessary the estimates provided have been derived from multiple sources, depending on each indicator and on the availability and quality of data. In many countries, statistical and health information systems are weak and the underlying empirical data may not be available or may be of poor quality Every effort has been made to ensure the best use of country-reported data - adjusted where necessary to deal with missing values, to correct for known biases, and to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time. In addition, statistical modelling and other techniques have been used to fill data gaps. However, these best estimates have been derived using standard categories and methods to enhance their cross-national comparability. As a result they should not be regarded as the nationally endorsed statistics of Member States which may have been derived using alternative methodologies Because of the weakness of the underlying empirical data in many countries, a number of the indicators presented here are associated with significant uncertainty It is WHo policy to ensure statistical transparency and to make available to users the methods of estimation and the margins of uncertainty for relevant indicators. However, to ensure readability while covering such a comprehensive range of health topics, printed versions of the world Health Statistics series do not include the margins of uncertainty which are instead made available through online who databases such as the global Health Observatory(GHO) While every effort has been made to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time, users are advised that country data may differ in terms of the definitions, data-collection methods, population coverage and estimation methods used. More information on indicator metadata is available through the global Health observatory 1TheGlobalHealthObservatory(gho)isWho'SportalprovidingaccesstodataandanalysesformonitoringtheglobalhealthsituationSeehttp://www.whoint/gho/en/ WORLD HEALTH STATISTS: 2016

viii WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2016 INTRODUCTION T he World Health Statistics series is WHO’s annual compilation of health statistics for its 194 Member States. World Health Statistics 2016 focuses on the proposed health and health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets. It represents an initial effort to bring together available data on SDG health and health-related indicators. In the current absence of official goal-level indicators, summary measures of health such as (healthy) life expectancy are used to provide a general assessment of the situation. The series is produced by the WHO Department of Information, Evidence and Research, of the Health Systems and Innovation Cluster, in collaboration with all relevant technical departments of WHO. As in previous years, World Health Statistics 2016 has been compiled primarily using publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO or United Nations groups of which WHO is a member, such as the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME). A number of statistics have been derived from data produced and maintained by other international organizations, such as the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and its Population Division. Unless otherwise stated, all estimates have been cleared following consultation with Member States and are published here as official WHO figures. Where necessary the estimates provided have been derived from multiple sources, depending on each indicator and on the availability and quality of data. In many countries, statistical and health information systems are weak and the underlying empirical data may not be available or may be of poor quality. Every effort has been made to ensure the best use of country-reported data – adjusted where necessary to deal with missing values, to correct for known biases, and to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time. In addition, statistical modelling and other techniques have been used to fill data gaps. However, these best estimates have been derived using standard categories and methods to enhance their cross-national comparability. As a result, they should not be regarded as the nationally endorsed statistics of Member States which may have been derived using alternative methodologies. Because of the weakness of the underlying empirical data in many countries, a number of the indicators presented here are associated with significant uncertainty. It is WHO policy to ensure statistical transparency and to make available to users the methods of estimation and the margins of uncertainty for relevant indicators. However, to ensure readability while covering such a comprehensive range of health topics, printed versions of the World Health Statistics series do not include the margins of uncertainty which are instead made available through online WHO databases such as the Global Health Observatory (GHO).1 While every effort has been made to maximize the comparability of the statistics across countries and over time, users are advised that country data may differ in terms of the definitions, data-collection methods, population coverage and estimation methods used. More information on indicator metadata is available through the Global Health Observatory. 1 The Global Health Observatory (GHO) is WHO’s portal providing access to data and analyses for monitoring the global health situation. See: http://www.who.int/gho/en/, accessed 16 April 2016

THE 2030 AGENDA A NEW IMPETUS FOR HEALTH MONITORING In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly scope, the agenda will require a comprehensive integrated dopted the new development agenda: Transforming approach to sustainable development as well as collective our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. action at all levels. "Leaving no one behind" will be an Comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), the overarching theme, and addressing inequalities and 2030 Agenda integrates all three dimensions of sustainable discrimination a defining feature development(economic, social and environmental) around the themes of people, planet, prosperity peace and health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with partnership. The SDGs recognize that eradicating poverty one comprehensive goal -SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and promote well-being for all at all ages-and explicit links to preserving the planet are inextricably linked, not only to many of the other goals. the 2030 Agenda thus has major each other, but also to population health implications for the health sector, and its realization will entail the development of coherent, integrated approaches. Intended to realize the vision of a world that is rights and an emphasis on equity and multisectoral action based, equitable and inclusive, the 2030 Agenda is to be Each of these broad objectives will require debate and implemented in a manner consistent with the existing the generation of new approaches at global, regional and obligations of states under international law. many country levels. 3 governments, institutions and organizations have already started to translate the new agenda into their development SdG 3 includes 13 targets covering all major health priorities, plans, strategies and visions. Encouraging stakeholders to including four targets on the unfinished and expanded work together to promote sustained, inclusive economic Millennium Development Goal (MDG)agenda, four targets growth, social development and environmental protection, to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), mental the 2030 Agenda is designed to benefit all Universal in health, injuries and environmental issues, and four"means of-implementation"targets. The target for universal health ARES/66/288. United Nations General Assembly, Sixty-sixth session, agenda item 19 2 Mainstreaming the 2030 agenda for sustainable development Reference guide to Goal on healt thOrganization2015(http:l/ 16/789275118634eng ed=y accesse MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 1 1 In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the new development agenda: Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development.1 Comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the 2030 Agenda integrates all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) around the themes of people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership. The SDGs recognize that eradicating poverty and inequality, creating inclusive economic growth and preserving the planet are inextricably linked, not only to each other, but also to population health. Intended to realize the vision of a world that is rights based, equitable and inclusive, the 2030 Agenda is to be implemented in a manner consistent with the existing obligations of states under international law. Many governments, institutions and organizations have already started to translate the new agenda into their development plans, strategies and visions.2 Encouraging stakeholders to work together to promote sustained, inclusive economic growth, social development and environmental protection, the 2030 Agenda is designed to benefit all. Universal in 1 The future we want. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 July 2012. A/RES/66/288. United Nations General Assembly, Sixty-sixth session, agenda item 19 (http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66/288, accessed 9 April 2016). 2 Mainstreaming the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Reference guide to UN Country Teams. February 2016. New York (NY): United Nations Development Group; 2015 (https://undg.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/UNDG-Mainstreaming-the-2030- Agenda-Reference-Guide-Final-1-February-2016.pdf, accessed 9 April 2016). scope, the agenda will require a comprehensive, integrated approach to sustainable development, as well as collective action at all levels. “Leaving no one behind” will be an overarching theme, and addressing inequalities and discrimination a defining feature. Health is centrally positioned within the 2030 Agenda, with one comprehensive goal – SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages – and explicit links to many of the other goals. The 2030 Agenda thus has major implications for the health sector, and its realization will entail the development of coherent, integrated approaches, and an emphasis on equity and multisectoral action. Each of these broad objectives will require debate and the generation of new approaches at global, regional and country levels.3 SDG3 includes 13 targets covering all major health priorities, including four targets on the unfinished and expanded Millennium Development Goal (MDG) agenda, four targets to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), mental health, injuries and environmental issues, and four “meansof-implementation” targets. The target for universal health 3 Preparing the Region of the Americas to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal on health. Washington (DC): Pan American Health Organization; 2015 (http:// iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/10016/9789275118634_eng. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, accessed 9 April 2016). THE 2030 AGENDA – A NEW IMPETUS FOR HEALTH MONITORING