(一）脱皮排泄：排除几丁质，蛋白质，蜡质，色素等部分氨素化合物。 (二)体壁排泄：无蜡质区和气门排泄CO2和水。 (三)腺体排泄：排除胶质、丝质、蜡质和毒液。 二、消化道digestive tract排泄： 1.中肠细胞集聚部分代谢物 如膜翅目昆虫在变态期，中肠内集聚钙盐和尿酸颗粒。 2肠壁细胞定期脱落 如弹尾目昆虫无马氏管，中肠肠壁细胞内含有尿酸、碳酸盐、磷酸盐等 3由肛门排除过多的物质 如蚜虫从肛门中排除10多种氨基酸和5~6种单糖。 三、下唇肾Labia/kidney 弹尾目、部分双尾目、缨尾目昆虫都无马氏管，但在头内有数对腺体，其 中有一对管状腺，称为下唇肾，具有马氏管类似的功能。 四、贮存排泄(storage excretory) 1.围心细胞pericardial cells 2.脂肪体fatbody 1)营养细胞其内充满脂肪、蛋白质、糖类等。 2)含菌细胞其内充满细菌。 3)尿盐细胞沉积尿酸盐，并终生不排除体外。 教学方法：幻灯片，讲授、提问、答疑、视频、图表 本章提示： 重点马氏管的排泄机制 主要 1.《普通昆虫学》，彩万志，庞雄飞，花保祯，梁广文，宋敦伦编著中国农 参考资料 业出版，2001.7 2.《集昆记》，杨集昆编著，中国农业大学出版社，2005 3.《普通昆虫学》，牟吉元，徐洪富，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社， 1996 4.《昆虫学通论》（上下册)，管致和，尤子平，周尧等编著，农业出版 社，1978 5.《中国农业百科全书昆虫卷》农业出版社，1991 6.《普通昆虫学》，雷朝亮，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社，2003 7.《昆虫学》（上下册），复旦大学、南开大学、中山大学、北京大学等五 校主编，人民教育出版社，1981
（一）脱皮排泄：排除几丁质，蛋白质，蜡质，色素等部分氮素化合物。 （二）体壁排泄：无蜡质区和气门排泄CO2和水。 （三）腺体排泄：排除胶质、丝质、蜡质和毒液。 二、消化道digestive tract排泄： 1.中肠细胞集聚部分代谢物 如膜翅目昆虫在变态期，中肠内集聚钙盐和尿酸颗粒。 2.肠壁细胞定期脱落 如弹尾目昆虫无马氏管，中肠肠壁细胞内含有尿酸、碳酸盐、磷酸盐等 3.由肛门排除过多的物质 如蚜虫从肛门中排除10多种氨基酸和5～6种单糖。 三、下唇肾Labial kidney 弹尾目、部分双尾目、缨尾目昆虫都无马氏管，但在头内有数对腺体，其 中有一对管状腺，称为下唇肾，具有马氏管类似的功能。 四、贮存排泄（storage excretory） 1．围心细胞pericardial cells 2．脂肪体fatbody 1）营养细胞 其内充满脂肪、蛋白质、糖类等。 2）含菌细胞 其内充满细菌。 3）尿盐细胞 沉积尿酸盐，并终生不排除体外。 教学方法：幻灯片，讲授、提问、答疑、视频、图表 本章提示： 重点马氏管的排泄机制 主要 参考资料 1.《普通昆虫学》，彩万志，庞雄飞，花保祯，梁广文，宋敦伦编著中国农 业出版，2001.7 2.《集昆记》，杨集昆编著，中国农业大学出版社，2005 3.《普通昆虫学》，牟吉元，徐洪富，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社， 1996 4.《昆虫学通论》（上下册），管致和，尤子平，周尧等编著，农业出版 社，1978 5.《中国农业百科全书昆虫卷》农业出版社，1991 6.《普通昆虫学》，雷朝亮，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社，2003 7.《昆虫学》（上下册），复旦大学、南开大学、中山大学、北京大学等五 校主编，人民教育出版社，1981
8.Entomology Third Edition),Cedric Gillott,Springer,2005 9.Borror and DeLong's introduction to the Study of Insects Seventh Edition),Charles A.Triplehorn,Norman F.Johnson, Thomson Broks/cole,2005 10.Internet 课后自我总 结分析 学时：2学时 章节 昆虫的循环系统及其生理 掌握内部器官各系统位置，以及消化系统、循环系统、重点理解消化作用 教学目的 和吸收机制，血液的循环途径。要求学生勤动手实验，动眼观察各种生物学 和要求 现象，动脑分析归纳各种表面现象，总结一般规律。 教学进程 Alimentary System (含章节 The gutis a continuous tube running from the mouth to the anus. 教学内容、 The alimentary canalis divided into three main regions:the foregut 学时分配、 or stomodaeum(口道)，the midgut or mesenteron(中肠)，and the 教学方法、 hindgut or proctodaeum(肛道)， 辅助手段) Proventriculus前胃 control the passage of food to the midgut,to filter liquid and solid components and to grinder solid material Oesophagus食道 The oesophagus is an undifferentiated part of the foregut serving to pass food back from the pharynx to the crop. function The foregutis concerned with the storage of food and sometimes helps to fragment the food before it passes to the midgut. The midgut,is primarily concerned with the production of enzymes and the absorption of the products of digestion. The hindgutconducts undigested food to the exterior via the anus, but also has other functions.In particular the rectum is involved in salt and water regulation
8.《Entomology Third Edition》，Cedric Gillott, Springer,2005 9.《Borror and DeLong’s introduction to the Study of Insects Seventh Edition》，Charles A.Triplehorn,Norman F.Johnson， Thomson Broks/cole,2005 10. Internet 课后自我总 结分析 学时：2学时 章节 昆虫的循环系统及其生理 教学目的 和要求 掌握内部器官各系统位置，以及消化系统、循环系统、重点理解消化作用 和吸收机制，血液的循环途径。要求学生勤动手实验,动眼观察各种生物学 现象,动脑分析归纳各种表面现象,总结一般规律。 教学进程 （含章节 教学内容、 学时分配、 教学方法、 辅助手段） Alimentary System The gutis a continuous tube running from the mouth to the anus. The alimentary canalis divided into three main regions: the foregut or stomodaeum(口道), the midgut or mesenteron(中肠), and the hindgut or proctodaeum(肛道), Proventriculus前胃 control the passage of food to the midgut ,to filter liquid and solid components and to grinder solid material Oesophagus食道 The oesophagus is an undifferentiated part of the foregut serving to pass food back from the pharynx to the crop. function : The foregutis concerned with the storage of food and sometimes helps to fragment the food before it passes to the midgut. The midgut, is primarily concerned with the production of enzymes and the absorption of the products of digestion. The hindgutconducts undigested food to the exterior via the anus, but also has other functions. In particular the rectum is involved in salt and water regulation
The foregut Be lined with the intima ()Surrounding the intima,which may be folded to enable the gut to stretch when filled,is a thin epidermis(肠壁细胞层)，small bundles of longitudinal muscle (纵肌)，a thick layer of circular muscle(环肌)，and a layer of connective tissue through run nerves and tracheae () Midgut 前中肠的分界限从外部看是胃盲囊(gastric caeca)从内部看是贲门瓣 (cardiac valve) Be of endodermal(内胚层)origin. Have gastric caeca(胃盲囊)， ventriculus(胃)and peritrophic membrane(围食) in the midgut Prevent mechanical damage to the midgut cells and entry of microorganism into the body cavity. Be generally absent in fluid-feeding insects,such as,Hemiptera, adult Lepidoptera,and bloodsucking Diptera pylorus The pylorus is the first part of the hindgut and from it the Malpighian tubules(马氏管)often arise.In some insects it forms a valve between the midgut and hindgut.It regulate the movement of material from midgut to hindgut leum回肠 Be generally a narrow tube which serves to conduct undigested food to the rectum for final processing.In some insects,some absorption of ions or water may occur in this region. Rectum直肠 The rectum is often an enlarged sac (and is thin walled except for certain regions,the rectal pads(直肠垫)，which have a columnar epithelium.The rectum includes six to eight thick-walled rectal pads
The foregut Be lined with the intima (内膜). Surrounding the intima, which may be folded to enable the gut to stretch when filled, is a thin epidermis（肠壁细胞层）, small bundles of longitudinal muscle （纵肌）, a thick layer of circular muscle（环肌）, and a layer of connective tissue through run nerves and tracheae（气管）. Midgut 前中肠的分界限从外部看是胃盲囊(gastric caeca)从内部看是贲门瓣 (cardiac valve) Be of endodermal（内胚层）origin. Have gastric caeca（胃盲囊）， ventriculus (胃) and peritrophic membrane（围食） in the midgut Prevent mechanical damage to the midgut cells and entry of microorganism into the body cavity. Be generally absent in fluid-feeding insects, such as, Hemiptera, adult Lepidoptera, and bloodsucking Diptera pylorus The pylorus is the first part of the hindgut and from it the Malpighian tubules（马氏管）often arise. In some insects it forms a valve between the midgut and hindgut. It regulate the movement of material from midgut to hindgut Ileum回肠 Be generally a narrow tube which serves to conduct undigested food to the rectum for final processing. In some insects, some absorption of ions or water may occur in this region. Rectum直肠 The rectum is often an enlarged sac（囊）and is thin walled except for certain regions, the rectal pads（直肠垫）, which have a columnar epithelium. The rectum includes six to eight thick-walled rectal pads
whose function is to absorb ions,water,and small organic molecules. Salivary glands Known by the names according to either the site (labial glands 腺，mandibular gland.上鄂腺)or function(silk glands,,venom glands毒 腺) Saliva is watery,enzyme-containing fluid which serves to lubricate the food and initiate its digestion.Other substances occur in saliva, such as pectinase,enzyme,toxins(venoms),and are important in food acquisition. Gut physiology Digestion In some insects,especially fluid feeders,digestion may begin before the food is ingested through the injection or regurgitation (of enzymes on to the food,but in general digestion occurs largely in the midgut,where most the enzymes are produced.These enzymes break down the complex substances in the food into more simple substance which can be absorbed and later assimilated. Carbohydratesare generally absorbed as monsaccharides (so that,before they are absorbed,disaccharides (and polysaccharides (must be broken down to their component monsaccharides.This may be a complex reaction tacking place partly in the gut wall and a variety enzymes is involved. Protein Proteins are broken down to the amino acids.The amino acids is used in the formation of new tissue proteins. Proteins are accumulated in large amounts by the developing oocytes.In the male of some species,proteins are accumulated by the accessory reproductive glands,probably for use in spermatophore production. Lipid(脂类)
whose function is to absorb ions, water, and small organic molecules. Salivary glands Known by the names according to either the site (labial glands下唇 腺, mandibular gland上鄂腺) or function (silk glands, venom glands毒 腺) Saliva is watery, enzyme-containing fluid which serves to lubricate the food and initiate its digestion. Other substances occur in saliva, such as pectinase, enzyme, toxins (venoms), and are important in food acquisition. Gut physiology Digestion In some insects, especially fluid feeders, digestion may begin before the food is ingested（摄食）through the injection or regurgitation （反刍）of enzymes on to the food, but in general digestion occurs largely in the midgut, where most the enzymes are produced. These enzymes break down the complex substances in the food into more simple substance which can be absorbed and later assimilated. Carbohydratesare generally absorbed as monsaccharides（单糖）so that, before they are absorbed, disaccharides（双糖）and polysaccharides（多糖）must be broken down to their component monsaccharides. This may be a complex reaction tacking place partly in the gut wall and a variety enzymes is involved. Protein Proteins are broken down to the amino acids. The amino acids is used in the formation of new tissue proteins. Proteins are accumulated in large amounts by the developing oocytes. In the male of some species, proteins are accumulated by the accessory reproductive glands, probably for use in spermatophore production. Lipid（脂类）
Be usually ingested mainly in the form of triglycerides(甘油三脂) Digestion involves the production of smaller molecules of diglycerides,monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Large amounts of fat is stord throughout the juvenile period,and also accumulate in the egg during vitellongenesis(卵黄发生). Absorption Be absorbed in the midgut,especially in the more anterior parts including the caeca. Also occurs in the hindgut,especially in the rectum. Absorption may be a passive or an active process. Most absorptionof organic molecules across the midgut wall is passive.Passive absorption depends primarily on the relative concentration of a substance inside and outside the gut,diffusion taking place from the higher to the lower concentration.In addition, in the case of electrolytes,the tendency to maintain equilibrium inside and outside the gut will interact with the tendency to diffuse down the concentration gradient. 教学方法：幻灯片，讲授、提问、答疑、视频、图表 本章提示： 理解消化作用和吸收机制，血液的循环途径。 主要 1.《普通昆虫学》，彩万志，庞雄飞，花保祯，梁广文，宋敦伦编著中国农 参考资料 业出版，2001.7 2.《集昆记》，杨集昆编著，中国农业大学出版社，2005 3.《普通昆虫学》，牟吉元，徐洪富，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社， 1996 4.《昆虫学通论》（上下册），管致和，尤子平，周尧等编著，农业出版 社，1978 5.《中国农业百科全书昆虫卷》农业出版社，1991 6.《普通昆虫学》，雷朝亮，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社，2003 7.《昆虫学》（上下册），复旦大学、南开大学、中山大学、北京大学等五 校主编，人民教育出版社，1981 8.Entomology Third Edition),Cedric Gillott,Springer,2005
Be usually ingested mainly in the form of triglycerides（甘油三脂）. Digestion involves the production of smaller molecules of diglycerides, monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Large amounts of fat is stord throughout the juvenile period, and also accumulate in the egg during vitellongenesis（卵黄发生）. Absorption Be absorbed in the midgut, especially in the more anterior parts（前 部）including the caeca. Also occurs in the hindgut, especially in the rectum. Absorption may be a passive or an active process. Most absorptionof organic molecules across the midgut wall is passive. Passive absorption depends primarily on the relative concentration of a substance inside and outside the gut, diffusion taking place from the higher to the lower concentration. In addition, in the case of electrolytes, the tendency to maintain equilibrium inside and outside the gut will interact with the tendency to diffuse down the concentration gradient. 教学方法：幻灯片，讲授、提问、答疑、视频、图表 本章提示： 理解消化作用和吸收机制，血液的循环途径。 主要 参考资料 1.《普通昆虫学》，彩万志，庞雄飞，花保祯，梁广文，宋敦伦编著中国农 业出版，2001.7 2.《集昆记》，杨集昆编著，中国农业大学出版社，2005 3.《普通昆虫学》，牟吉元，徐洪富，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社， 1996 4.《昆虫学通论》（上下册），管致和，尤子平，周尧等编著，农业出版 社，1978 5.《中国农业百科全书昆虫卷》农业出版社，1991 6.《普通昆虫学》，雷朝亮，荣秀兰编著，中国农业出版社，2003 7.《昆虫学》（上下册），复旦大学、南开大学、中山大学、北京大学等五 校主编，人民教育出版社，1981 8.《Entomology Third Edition》，Cedric Gillott, Springer,2005