一、小学语文教研的性质与内容 （一）小学语文教研的涵义 所谓小学语文教研，是指运用教育科学和语文 科学的理论与方法，有目的、有计划地对小学语文 教育教学中的现象与问题进行研究的一种活动，其 目的在于探索和认识小学语文教育与语文学习的内 在规律及本质特点，推动小学语文教育教学的改革 与发展，促进小学生语文素养的全面提高

一、现代小学语文教师的历史使命 （一）现代小学语文教师的地位 1、 从教学活动看现代小学语文教师的地位； 2、从语文学科的性质、地位看现代小学语文教师的地位； 3、从教师的劳动价值和特点看现代小学语文教师的地位

一、语文教学策略 （一）制定课堂教学目标的策略 （二）优化教学过程的策略 （三）建立有效教学方式的策略 （四）选择教学方法的策略

Moral development is the process by which individuals acquire a sense of right and wrong, to use in evaluating their own actions and the actions of others

10.1 What is transfer of learning? consider the two students: Henry is bilingual:He speaks both English and Spanish fluently.He begins a French course in high school and immediately recognizes many similarities between French and Spanish. “Aha,”he thinks, “my knowledge of Spanish will help me learn French”. Ted’s mathematics class has been working with decimals for several weeks. His teacher asked, “which number is larger, 4.4 or 4.14?” Ted recalls something that he knows about whole numbers: Number with three digits are larger than numbers with only two digits. “The larger number is 4.14”, he concludes

Learning strategies are specific methods of learning information that help them learn and remember things. The four commonly observed trends in the development of learning strategies (1)rehearsal increases during the elementary school years. It is rare in kindergarten children but increases in frequency and effectiveness throughout the elementary school years

7.1 concept learning 7.1.1 concept A concept is a category under which specific elements may be grouped.e.g. a red ball, a red pencil, and a red chair are all instances of the simple concept “red”. An “even number” is defined as any integer（整数） that is divisible by two without a remainder, and that an “odd number” is one that is not evenly(均匀地） divisible by two

Constructivism are based on the idea that, unlike a computer disk or an empty container, students do not wait passively to be filled up with knowledge. Rather, students actively build, or construct, their own knowledge.Teachers cannot entirely control their students’ learning, expert teachers can do much to facilitate students’ own active learning processes

Instructional objectives: What does one learn in his learning, according to Tolman? What is the opinion of Tolman aboutreinforcement and reinforcementexpectancy?

5.1 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Born in Newton,Massachusetts. Received his B.S.degree fromthe Mass.institutes of Technology inelectrochemistry in 1911