17.1 The acidity of the α-hydrogens ofcarbonyl compounds: Enolate ions

Except for formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, all aldehydes have a carbonyl group, C=O, bonded on one side to a carbon, and on the other side to a hydrogen. In ketones, the carbonyl group is situated between two carbon atoms

1 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (uv) 紫外光谱----测定有机物中是否存在共轭双键和芳香族化合物 2. Infrared spectroscopy (IR)红外光谱----测定有机物中官能团

1. How to find benzene? 2. Kekule(克库勒）was the first torecognize that these early aromaticcompounds all contain a six-carbonunit

Oxidation-reduction and organometallic compounds (氧化-还原和有机金属化合物） 11.1 Introduction Carbonyl (羰基）compounds are a broad group of compounds that includes aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters

1. Nomencature of alcohols CH3OH Methanol (methyl alcohol) CH3CH2OH Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

1.1 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon 1.3 The structural theory of organic chemistry

18.1 Introduction The carboxyl group, -COOH, -CO2H, is one of the most widely occurring functional groups in chemistry and biochemistry. Not only are carboxylic acids themselves important, but the carboxyl group is the parent group of a large family of related compounds

15.1 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions These reactions are of the general type shown below;

12.1 Introduction Systems that have a p orbital on an atom adjacent to a double bond---molecules with delocalized pi￾bonds– are called conjugated unsaturated systems