Types of Rates Treasury rates(国债利率)—regarded as risk-free rates LIBOR rates (London Interbank Offer rate)(伦敦银行同业放款利率)-generally higher than Treasury zero rates Repo rates(回购利率)—slightly higher than the Treasury rates

Two Kinds of Underlying Assets · Investment assets: held for investment purposes by a significant numbers of investors. Examples: stocks, bonds, gold. Three different situations: 1. The asset provides no income 2. The asset provides a known dollar income 3. The asset provides a known dividend yield Consumption assets: held primarily for consumption. Examples: commodities such as copper, oil and live hogs

Futures Contracts Available on a wide range of underlyings · Exchange traded · Specifications(规定) need to be defined: -What can be delivered, Where it can be delivered,& When it can be delivered Settled(结算) daily

The Nature of Derivatives derivative(衍生产品/工具) is an instrument whose value depends on the values of other more basic underlying(标的/原 生) variables

1. Single equation estimation procedures Indirect least squares(ILS)(恰好识别) Two- -stage least squares(2SLS)(过度识别) 2. System estimation procedures Three-stage- least squares(sLS)(跨方程相 关) In1962 Theil and Zellner first proposed this method. 2SLS+GLS= 3SLS (gls=generalized least squares)

A general lagged variable model2:滞后时期数 1)如=0,称为分布滞后模型 (1)又如有限,称为有限分布滞后模型 (2)又如无限,称为无限分布滞后模型 2)如s=0,称为自回归模型

1.何谓 Multicollinearity =Xb+a One of the conditions for ols: Tadde+k12

1. Suppose the linear regression model is如果不恒成立,则称误差项是序列相关的(自相关的)。(serial correlation) 2.产生序列相关的原因及序列相关的影响 1)原因 (1)经济行为的惯性或冲击的惯性(SARS) (2)模型误设(Model misspecification) 2、序列相关对估计与检验的影响与异方差性类似

1. Recall the assumption for the CMLRM: (Homoskedasticity) 2. Counterexamples 1、rich family and poor family expenditures; 2、large company and small company sales. There exists heteroskedasticity in lots of econometric problems

General linear models Suppose that we have a model: 1 It is inherently linear for the parameters if it can be transformed into Examples: 1. Exponential model: Y