I. VIRUS AND VIRION 9.1 General Properties of Viruses 9.2 Nature of the virion 9.3 Quantification of Viruses 病毒的量化

8.10 Signal transduction and two-component regulatory system VI. Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in gene expression V. RNA-Based Regulation 8.11 RNA Regulation and Antisense RNA 8.12 Riboswitches 8.13 Attenuation 弱化作用

III. DNA-Binding Proteins and Regulation of Transcription by Negative and Positive Control (Transcriptional level regulation) DNA结合蛋白与转录水平的调控 8.5 Negative control of transcription: Repression and Induction转录的负调控 8.6 Positive Control of Transcription ----Activator mediated regulation by protein-DNA binding IV. Global Regulation Mechanisms 8.7 Catabolite Repression ----Global control and the lac operon代谢分解物抑制 8.8 Other global control network 8.9 Quorum Sensing 群体感应

I. Overview of Regulation 8.1 Major modes of regulation II. Regulation of Enzyme Activity (Posttranslational level regulation) 8.2 Noncovalent enzyme inhibition 酶活的非共价抑制 8.3 Covalent Modification of Enzyme 酶的共价修饰 III. DNA-Binding Proteins and Regulation of Transcription by Negative and Positive Control (Transcriptional level regulation) 转录水平调控

7.7 Overview of transcription 7.8 The Genetic Code 7.9. Transfer RNA 7.10 Translation: the process of protein synthesis 7.11 Folding and Secreting Proteins

I. Genes and Gene Experession 7.1 Macromolecules and Genetic Information II. DNA STRUCTURE 7.2 DNA Structure: The Double Helix 双螺旋 7.3 DNA Structure: Supercoiling 超螺旋结构

III. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS USED IN VIVO 体内使用的抗微生物制剂 Selective toxicity选择毒性 Can be used internally可体内使用 Chemotherapeutic agents化学治疗剂 6.6 Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs 人工合成的抗微生物药物 6.7 Antibiotics: Naturally occurring antimicrobial drugs 抗生素 IV. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE AND DRUG DISCOVERY 抗药性与新药研制 6.8 Antimicrobial drug resistance

I. Physical Antimicrobial Control 6.1 Heat Sterilization 6.2 Radiation Sterilization 6.3 Filter Sterilization II. Chemical Antimicrobial Control Antiseptics防腐剂 Disinfectants消毒剂 Sterilants杀菌剂 6.4 Chemical Growth Control 6.4.1 Effect of antimicrobial agents on growth 6.4.2 Measuring antimcirobial activity 6.5 Chemical antimicrobial agents for external use

5.10 Effect of Temperature on Growth 5.11 Microbial growth at cold temperatures 5.12 Microbial growth at high temperatures 5.14 Osmotic Effects on Microbial Growth 渗透压影响 5.15 Oxygen and microbial growth Aerobes好氧菌 • Strict Aerobes专性好氧菌 • Microaerophiles微好氧菌 • Facultative aerobes兼性好氧菌 Anaerobes厌氧菌 • Aerotolerant anaerobes耐氧的厌氧菌 • Obligate (strict) anaerobes专性厌氧菌 5.16 Toxic forms of oxygen

5.7 Direct measurements of microbial growth: total and viable counts 5.8 Indirect Measurements : Turbidity 浊度 5.9 Continuous culture: the chemostat 连续培养:恒化器