一位魔术师,他拿出一个空盒子,向观众展示了这是个密封的盒子后,当众 放了一只球进去,然后再用他的“魔手”在盒子外面一挥,再一打开盒子,球没 了。这是一个常见的魔术,起码第一次看见的观众会感到大为惊奇,因为他们思 维中迅速地进行了一个三段论推理:盒子是密封的,球被放了进去,所以球一定 还在盒子里面。人们为什么被骗了?

在日常生活中,科学研究、商业行为、法律政治、哲学文化乃至家庭生活都与逻辑有着密 切的联系,逻辑己经渗透到大千世界的每一个角落。人们总在自觉与不自觉间判定着两个事 物之间的关系。对于假言推理中的条件关系中形成的因果关系更是如此

在日常生活中,科学研究、商业行为、法律政治、学文化乃至家庭生活都与逻辑有着密 切的联系,逻辑已经渗透到大千世界的每一个角落。人们总在自觉与不自觉间判定着两个事 物之间的关系。对于假言推理中的条件关系中形成的因果关系更是如此

“名家”,是流行于春秋战国时期,提倡“循名责实”学说的流派,他们提 倡的“正名实”,。是要“正彼此之是非,使名实相符”。 在春秋战国礼崩乐坏的纷乱里,提出这样的主张非常普通,象儒家有“必也 正名乎”,法家有“综核名实”,墨家有“以名举实”,都与之类似

伊索寓言中有很多借动物讽刺人的可笑行为的故事,我试着从逻辑学的角度去看看 伊索寓言故事。 故事一:狼、狐狸和猴子 有一只狼控告一只狐狸偷了他的东西,狐狸不肯承认。猴子负责审判他们之间的纠 纷。当他们双方都充足的说明了自己的理由后,猴子郑重的宣判说:“狼,我不认为你 曾经丢失了你所说的东西;狐狸,我确实相信你曾经偷了你所不承认的物品。” 寓意是说不诚实的人即使做了诚实的事,也不会让人相信

Prof. Sally Haslanger December 2, 2001 Kantian Ethics (and more on famine) So far we've looked at egoist and utilitarian approaches to ethics. The main objection we considered to egoism was that it failed to accommodate the common sense idea that morality involves a kind of impartiality, at the very least it seems that

Particularism and virtue ethics I. Universalism and Particularism We've considered before some basic questions that we would expect a moral theory to answer i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understanding the\ought\as a moral

December 10. 2001 (Meta-Ethical Subjectivism(or Non-cognitivism) For the past couple of weeks we have been focusing on the following questions i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform? ii)What makes an action right or wrong? What about the action determines its moral status? Our third question has received less attention

November 21, 2001 Ethical Egoism Here are three questions (of course there are others)we might want an ethical theory to answer for us: i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understandir the\ought\ as moral \ought\)? ii)What makes a particular action right or wrong? What is it about the action that determines its moral status? ii)How do we know what is right and wrong? Remember that according to relativism, whether an action is right or wrong

November 29, 2001 Duty and Famine: Singer Last time we considered Mill's version of Utilitarianism, called Eudaimonistic Utilitarianism characterized by what he calls \the greatest-happiness principle\: You ought always to act so as to maximize happiness, i.e., the right act is the act that results in the greatest amount of happiness overall. The \greatest-happiness principle\, however, just states one version of Utilitarianism. Other versions of