设 大气环流概述一历史简介 Coriolis 1832.Memoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines. (On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative movement of machines.J. Ec.Polytech,13,268-301. Coriolis 1835.Memoire sur les equations du mouvement relatif des syst\emes de corps. (On the equations of relative motion of a system of bodies. J.Ec.Polytech.,15,142-154. Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis 1792-1843 授课教师：张洋 8
⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! Coriolis 1832. Memoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines. (On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative movement of machines.) J. Ec. Polytech, 13, 268-301. ! Coriolis 1835. Memoire sur les equations du mouvement relatif des syst\`emes de corps. (On the equations of relative motion of a system of bodies. J. Ec. Polytech., 15, 142-154. 授课教师：张洋 8 Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis 1792-1843
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 1856年，Ferrel's view Observed southwesterly challenged Hadley's theory; Three-cell circulation, close to current views of earth's general circulation. 授课教师：张洋 9
4. Ferrel’s circulation model (1856) Hadley’s circulation model contradicts with observations, which show poleward drift over the midlatitude surface. Ferrel ( ) gg 1856) suggested a circulation which is almost the same as the present view. He argued that near the surface friction would reduce the speed of the westerlies, so that Coriolis force fails to balance the poleward pressure gradient. 10 ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1856年, Ferrel’s view 授课教师：张洋 9 ! Observed southwesterly challenged Hadley’s theory; ! Three-cell circulation, close to current views of earth’s general circulation
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 1857年，Thomson's view CALMS Still a single direct cell in the upper troposphere; CALMS OF In the lower levels of middle and higher CALMS ANO latitudes,a shallow e indirect cell with CALMS OF poleward flow near ground and equatorward flow in POLAR CALMS the intermediate levels. 授课教师：张洋10
5. Thomson’s view (1857, 1892) James Thomson (1857, 1892) suggested a large direct cell lik H dl ’ i d ll like Hadley’s occupied the bulk of each hemisp , here but in middle and higher latitudes there was a shallow indirect cell, with pole ard flo close to ith poleward flow close to the ground and equatorward flow at an intermediate level. 11 ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1857年, Thomson’s view 授课教师：张洋 10 ! Still a single direct cell in the upper troposphere; ! In the lower levels of middle and higher latitudes, a shallow indirect cell with poleward flow near ground and equatorward flow in the intermediate levels
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 1859年，Ferrel's second view Close to Thomson's view, except for a polar cell in high latitudes. Ferrel-Thomson's circulation EQUATOR 授课教师：张洋11
⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1859年, Ferrel’s second view 授课教师：张洋 11 6. Ferrel’s second version (1859) Ferrel somehow modified his first version of the global circulation. His second version is close to Thomson’s, except for that he had a polar cell. 12 Close to Thomson’s view, except for a polar cell in high latitudes. Ferrel-Thomson’s circulation
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 The role of eddies? o Bigelow(1902),the effect of cyclones should be taken into account. 0 Defant(1912),eddies transport heat to higher latitudes. 0 Jeffreys(1926),eddies transfer angular momentum. V.Bjerknes(1937),Ferrel-Thomson's circulation is unstable to eddies. 授课教师：张洋12
⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! The role of eddies? " Bigelow(1902), the effect of cyclones should be taken into account. " Defant (1912), eddies transport heat to higher latitudes. " Jeffreys (1926), eddies transfer angular momentum. " V. Bjerknes (1937), Ferrel-Thomson’s circulation is unstable to eddies. 授课教师：张洋 12 8. Jacob Bjerknes’s version (1921) 14