9 言 e condition'is occasionally alleviated by per and unchall the w us.may have play s a quo though here and there called upon t were not subje that a tew pa of final 8 has now een at ight be made use of.(The more i the New Te the an orther pear,and po me i es so that the dereli or a later figur me ten thousand,about 30.per the of VILLAGE.LINEAGE,AND CLAN The a. cag
Manila. Chen Ta,op.cit.,p.247. later chapter. astuteness,settled close by,and their descendants eventually displaced the Ch'ens Ch'en name.It is said that the fouders of the lineage first came to Ch'entai somne seven hundred years.It was originally Ch'en territory and still retains the Hayes has demonstrated for Lantau Island in the New Territories vinced their inhabitants that their geomancy is wrong.J. sickness,lack of sons,or some other kind of misfortune has con- society.Sometimes whole villages have moved when continuing Migration has been a constant feature of southeastern Chinese so well these days.'I shall have more to say on geomancy in a the graves of the second branch.This is why the latter is not doing grave on the right claw of the lobster and caused disharmony to of money.Recently,the fourth branch has unfortimately placed a at its head and thus far have had numerous offspring and plenty a monster lobster.The graves of the second branch are located the change in fortune: "The southern mountain has the shape of fourth was growing more prosperous.The village head explained in the 193os of which the second branch had declined while the (Compare Chen Ta's reference to a lineage in eastern Kwangtung full possession of it;the senior sub-lineage has ceased to exist. pawned its land to the second sub-lineage,which has now taken last member is thought to live on.When the family departed it geomantic misfortune,went off to South-East Asia where one lineage,resigning themselves (it is said)to the inevitability of their Some fifty years ago the last surviving family in the senior sub- business in England,among other things);the first has disappeared. fourth sub-lineage is the most successful (in the Chinese restaurant fare better than older and junior segments better than senior.The gcomantically as bringing ill fortune to seniors:younger sons ball there is a dip in the line of the hills which is interpreted village are the second,third,and fourth. triumphant lineage,for the three major segments now in the but it is also credited with having broken off one segment of the Geomancy is thought to have destroyed the two older lineages, simply assume -and assert-it to exist.) difference in the alignment of the ancestral halls;the villagers VILLAGE,LINEAGE,AND CLAN Facing their ancestra decreases in others Tsang fact that large populatior increases had taken place in some vilaget and subst Kwangtung in the mid-thirties,says that people frequently commented or 情P五之为mg以i出0whfk tion Statistics of China,.-1953,vol.no. figure of so millions for the population of Fakien 肠方熊： by 1953:p.283.The low increase in Fukien must be duc to overscas emigra and movement across the Formosa Strait o Taiwan:p.87.It will be seen tha Movement of Villages on Lantau Island for Fimg Shui.Reasons' of the powerful clan which inhabited San-keaou. the villagers of Hung-tiu changed their name and adopted forced to remove to some other part of the country.For insta in the more powerful clans,or are ruined by their hostility, clans are of no importance,and gradually either become absor .The villages inhabited by are almost exclusively inhabited by four clans,-Man. San-keaou outside the area later to become the New Territor spent several years in it;he writes: 'The villages in the plai middle of the nineteenth century from the pen of a missionary fertile stretches of land.We have a description of Hsin-an in There the largest and most powerful lineages occupy the m the part of Hsin-an county which became the New Territor massive single-lineage settlements,as we can see very clearly or cast out their neighbours of other surnames and to develop i have been favourable,lineages have tended to exclude outsid to grow beyond being,small hamlets.Where economic conditi number several thousands while others have shrunk to,or fai increase between local settlements.3 Some have expanded has risen as a whole,2 there have been striking disparities while the population of the provinces of Fukien and Kwangtu to mention only the major areas of overscas migration.So especially men,away to South-East Asia and the United Sta hundred years or so there has been a steady drain of peo have gone off to seek a living elsewhere;and during the giving geomantic unsuitability as the reason for their dra decision.More usually,however,individual men or fami that several villages have moved their sites in the last fifty yea VILLAGE,LINEAGE,AND CLAN This was
pied by one ica Chen Ta.op.cit.pp.199f. per cent were and 'multiclan'villages in Hua Hsien, I Rev.Mr Rudolf]Krone, woman: they were probably referred to as single villages because each complex was occu- course,settlements of this size were in reality composed of several villages;and villages in Hsin-an sometimes numbered from 10,o00 to 30,000 inhabitants.Of in the area,the largest being about Io,o00 bur the smallest villages of this kind contained about a dozen clansmen each'Krone,op.cit,p.8o,says that the Punti mnomocian There were some very large Kwangtung.In a total of 398 villages 40 Mission on northern Hsin-an.I am hoping to publish translations from them. reading the extensive reports made by Krone and his colleagues of the Rhenish Kingdom-in Cambridge University Library.As this book goes to press I am paper.Strangely cnough,there appears to be only onc copy of it in the United a加oot o3式u调 Kong,1859,pp.91 f.I am indebted to Mr J.L.Cranmer- hsien]',Article V,Transactions of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 'A Notice of the Sanon District [i.e.,Hsin-an here people do not show that kind of discrimination.' who belonged to the majority of the clan.In this little community were members of the minority and frequently ill-treated by those about twenty-three years ago.In our former home village we 'We came here from a neighbouring hsien [county have moved there from the surrounding arca.He quotes an old many different sumames,says that in the past many families must in the Swatow region of Kwangtung and made up of people of 193os of a community composed of seven villages and one town the excluded took to be oppression).Chen Ta,speaking in the of clements pushed out of communities by oppression (or what in Fukien and Kwangtung were formed by the gathering together It may be that some of the very mixed settlements to be found clusion may cut away part of the victorious lineage itself. from the case of a New Territories village,the process of ex- ment emerges once more.2 Indeed,as I have tried to illustrate long established,gets the upper hand and a single-lineage settle- as described by Yang);but then one lineage,either lately come or for a long time (as appears to be the case in the village of Nanching ment may develop;such a heterogeneous community may survive first only as tenants)and,in consequence,a multilineage settle- Outsiders may gain a foothold in lineage territory (perhaps sive conduct of their neighbours enclosed them in.' to extricate themselves from the endless feuds,which the aggres- VILLAGE,LINEAGE,AND CLAN monoclan himself for sending me a copy of his paper adoption. interesting source of material for me.And I should like to thank Professor Okad Kinship and Village in South China:Village Life on Amoy Island'(in to a bustling prosperity. The lineage in Nanching which goes marriage,high fertility,and adoption have brought its numbers tions behind it and yet have fared so well that early and universal shallow lincages are small.A lineage may have becn long estab- lished and yet failed to be fruitful.It may have only a few genera- It follows that not all very deep lineages are very large.Not all tion,diminish greatly in numbers,even to the point of extinction. and others may well,because of epidemics,poverty,and migra- able to do no more than simply replace their losses by death, population as a whole may be increasing,2 many lineages may be a broad base representing the living generations.But even though genealogical pyramid with the founding ancestor at the apex and to think,as do the Chinese themselves,that a lincage is a kind of the generation-depth of a lineage and its numerical size.We tend Consequently,there is no simple relationship berwecn migration and gained them by 'marrying in'sons-in-Jaw and by present,and in the extent to which they have Jost members by Lineage scttlements differ greatly in their prosperity,past and in its territory by predicting geomantic disaster for them. prevent or discourage outsiders from trying to establish themselves particular place.On the other hand,a dominant lineage may influences to explain retrospectively why they have not sertled in a On the one hand,people may use unfavourable geomantic school hours,never attempting to live in the village territory. Even the schoolteachers from other villages returned home after the most part fallen sick,and none of them had settled down there. members of other clans.Outsiders who had moved in had for of one surname)that their natural features were not suitable for they were settlements belonging to one lineage or to two lineages found that it was said of two villages (it is not clear to me whether Japanese sociologist,studying villages on Amoy island in 1940, of the territory for people of other lineages.Okada Yuzuru,the territory.By the same token they demonstrate the unsuitability explain,and justify the attachment of particular lineages to their Clearly,geomantic ideas in the Chinese south-cast cnshrine, VILLAGE,LINEAGE,AND CLAN
connexion it is w stock of and s Pratt in whicl orth noting But even ad some ets to s traced ame in Ch the t wI and size
of the Mis,Ba strict Comm ause I am conce (I have the Chinese recent time' excluded the data e frontier VIILAGE,LINEAGE A Hong Kong of 7,and one of 5. and on thin the area AND r New the numbers of the about one 3 is taken the st. The Sha Tau Kok darin the last six cases ought of the Punti listed village in of Io