CONTENTS 21.6.3 Measuring Start-up Lost Time 640 23.1.7 Two-Stage Gap Acceptance 674 216.4 An Example of Measurn Lost times 640 tes and Start-up 23.1.10 Estimating Oueue Leneth 677 23.1.11 Sample Problem in TWSC 680 677 232 Analysis of Re 21.7 Summary 644 23.3 Analysis of All-Way STOP-C 645 ctions(AWSC) Refer Problems 682 22 24 Signal Coordination for Arterial and Networks 684 Sample Problem 65 24.1 Basic Principles of Signal Coordination 684 24.1.1AK hey Requ irement Common 24.1.2 The Time S ce Diagram and Ideal 22 23 Adi Offsets 24.2 Signal Pr 686 2421 Determining ldeal Offsets686 Phasing 658 243422 Potential Proble 688 659 24.3.Bandwidth Efficiency 690 22.3 4.3. 661 691 elay versus v/c Ratio 2340 664 是y 24.Net orks 69 Street 693 22.4 Closing Comments 664 69 Problem 664 24.5.3 Finding Compromise Solutions 697 23 24.6 600 The Alte nating Progres sion 700 23.1 AnalySTOP-Conirolled 。te ating 23.1.1 Determining Conflicting 24.6.4 The Simultaneous Progression 702 Volume 2312 Times lo-Up 66 24.0. ehlCagnce Length 702 ntial Capacity 671 24.7 EfTects-Move 67 2471Ssam0oertorO.eauraiad 23.1.5 d-Lane 24.7.2 Signal Remedies 70 ontrolled'Tratti 710 711
X CONTENTS 21.6.3 Measuring Start-up Lost Time 640 21.6.4 An Example of Measuring Saturation Flow Rates and Start-up Lost Times 640 21.6.5 Calibrating Adjustment Factors 642 21.6.6 Normalizing Signalized Intersection Analysis 643 21.7 Summary 644 References 644 Problems 645 22 Applications of Signalized 22.1 Software Packages 650 22.2 A Sample Problem 65 1 Intersection Analysis 650 22.2.1 Base Case: Existing Conditions 65 1 22.2.2 New Scenario: Additional Traffic Due to Development 65 1 22.2.3 Adjusting the Signal Timing 653 22.2.4 Investigating the Cycle Length 22.2.5 Another Option: Protected-Plus-Permitted Phasing 658 655 22.2.6 Other Options? 659 22.3 Additional Sensitivities 659 22.3.1 Cycle Length versus Delay 661 22.3.2 Delay versus v/c Ratio 662 22.3.3 Demand versus Delay 663 22.3.4 Summary 664 22.4 Closing Comments 664 Problem 664 23 Analysis of Unsignalized Intersections 666 23.1 Analysis of Two-way STOP-Controlled Intersections 666 23.1.1 Determining Conflicting Volume 667 23.1.2 Critical Gaps and Follow-Up Times 669 23.1.3 Determining Potential Capacity 671 23.1.4 Accounting for Impedance Effects-Movement Capacity 671 23.1.5 Determining Shared-Lane Capacity 673 23.1.6 Adjusting for Upstream Signals and Platoon Flow 674 23.1.7 Two-Stage Gap Acceptance 674 23.1.8 Analysis of Flared Approaches 675 23.1.9 Determining Control Delay 676 Sample Problem in TWSC 23.1.10 Estimating Queue Length 677 23.1.1 1 Intersection Analysis 677 23.2 Analysis of Roundabouts 680 23.3 Analysis of All-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections (AWSC) 682 References 682 Problems 682 24 Signal Coordination for Arterials and Networks 684 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 Basic Principles of Signal Coordination 24.1.1 A Key Requirement: Common Cycle Length 684 24.1.2 Offsets 684 Signal Progression on One-way Streets 24.2.1 Determining Ideal Offsets 686 24.2.2 Potential Problems 688 Bandwidth Concepts 689 24.3.1 Bandwidth Efficiency 690 24.3.2 Bandwidth Capacity 690 The Effect of Queued Vehicles at Signals Signal Progression for Two-way Streets 24.5.1 Offsets on a Two-way Street 693 24.5.2 Network Closure 695 24.5.3 Finding Compromise Solutions 697 Common Types of Progression 699 24.6.1 Progression Terminology 699 24.6.2 The Alternating Progression 700 24.6.3 The Double-Alternating 24.6.4 The Simultaneous Progression 702 24.6.5 Insights Regarding the Importance 684 The Time-Space Diagram and Ideal 686 69 1 and Networks 693 Progression 701 of Signal Spacing and Cycle Length 702 Coordination of Signals for Oversaturated 24.7.1 System Objectives for Oversaturated 24.7.2 Signal Remedies 705 Computer-Controlled Traffic Systems 7 10 24.8.1 System Characteristics 710 24.8.2 Collection and Use of Data 71 1 Networks 704 Conditions 704
CONTENTS xi 26.3 Pres ign Treatments 744 24.8.4 Adaptive Signal Control 717 ation 717 26.4 Access Manager t746 Problems 719 26.5 25 Analysis of Arterial Performance 726 26.5.1 Transitions from One Plan 2652C to Another als 753 ce Concepts 72 26.53 Multiple and Sub-MultipleCycle 2s Determination ofArterial Specd 730 26.547hghs ond (54 erchange 755 2533 734 26.6 Summar 756 on Arterial Performance 25.3.3 Impact of Cycle Length on Arterial 27 Traffic Planning and Operations 3 for Urban Street Networks 759 273 ecia Problems 737 27.7 Traffic Calming 765 26 Arterial Planning and Design 740 2772 Traffic C 26.1 Arterial Planning Issues Calming Measures 772 ches 741 278 Closing Comments 776 Problems 777 2623 Bus 741 Index 779
CONTENTS xi 25 24.8.3 An Overview of Modern 24.8.4 Adaptive Signal Control 717 Systems 713 24.9 Closing Comments 717 References 7 18 Problems 719 Analysis of Arterial Performance 726 25.1 Determining Arterial Class 727 25.2 Basic Performance Concepts 728 25.2.1 Arterial Speed Concepts 728 25.2.2 Determination of Arterial Speed 730 25.3.1 The Impact of Signal Spacing on Arterial Performance 734 25.3.2 The Impact of Progression Quality on Arterial Speed 735 25.3.3 Impact of Cycle Length on Arterial Speed 735 25.4 Through Vehicles on the Arterial 736 25.5 Arterial vs. Intersection LOS 736 25.6 Design Implications 737 25.7 Summary 737 References 737 Problems 737 25.3 Sensitivities 734 26 Arterial Planning and Design 740 26.1 Arterial Planning Issues 26.2 Multimodal Performance Assessment 741 and Approaches 740 26.2.1 Bicycle Level-of-Service 741 26.2.2 Pedestrian Level-of-Service 741 26.2.3 Bus Level-of-Service 742 26.3 Preserving the Function of an Arterial 743 26.3.1 Design Treatments 744 26.3.2 Reallocation of Arterial Space 745 26.3.3 Other Aspects of Operation 745 26.4.1 Goods Activity on Arterials 750 26.5.1 Transitions from One Plan 26.5.2 Coordinating Multiphase Signals 753 26.5.3 Multiple and Sub-Multiple Cycle 26.5.4 The Diamond Interchange 755 26.4 Access Management 746 26.5 Signal Policies 752 to Another 752 Lengths 754 26.6 Summary 756 References 757 Problems 758 27 Traffic Planning and Operations for Urban Street Networks 759 27.1 Goals and Objectives 759 27.2 Functional Issues 760 27.3 Control of Left-Turn Conflicts 760 27.4 One-way Street Systems 761 27.5 Special-Use Lanes 762 27.6 Managing the Curb 764 27.7 Traffic Calming 765 27.7.1 Traffic Calming Approaches 768 27.7.2 Impacts and Effectiveness of Traffic Calming Measures 772 27.8 Closing Comments 776 References 776 Problems 777 Index 779
Preface The text is organized in four major functional parts ofhghsad3ices.Onendkimedastenaiong Part I:C "lifeblood circulation system,"this important part of the .Part Traffic Studies and Programs national infrastructure supports the vast majority of .Part III:Applications to Freeway interandna-itmovement of both people an aspect of our society- including the cconomy the envi- and Urbar ronment,assurance of public safety and security,basic Street Systems temert the mo Signing.and ng agement,design,construction,operation,control. functional and geometrie design and on marking and maintenance,and system optimization.Because the signing of facilities has also been added. ocusoft engineer work Is As in the first two editions,the text contains many sample problems an Thus.the traffic engineer is called on to exercise a broad range of skills and must be sensitive to a wide The authors hope that faculty,practicing professionals and students find this text useful and informative,anc fthis textbook.It in they invite comments and/or critic sms that will help ates nd anal hen e me Edition),the Higlnay Capacity Mamal (Fourth Edition, for their comments and helpful suggestions Carroll Messer,Texas A&M University:Emily Parentella,Cali 2001 omia Stat Like the first t a su vey course at the undergraduate or graduate level,as gical Univ nand well as for a series of more detailed courses.At Poly technic,the text is equence ar fourgnimeentergendhec ROGER P.ROESS n a tw RASSAS xi进
Preface Traffic engineering covers a broad range of engineering applications with a common focus: the nation’s system of highways and streets. Often defined as the nation’s “lifeblood circulation system,” this important part of the national infrastructure supports the vast majority of inter- and intra-city movement of both people and goods. Thus, the system plays a role in every important aspect of our society-including the economy, the environment, assurance of public safety and security, basic mobility for all societal functions, and basic access to the most remote regions of the country. Traffic engineering involves a variety of engineering and management skills-including planning, management, design, construction, operation, control, maintenance, and system optimization. Because the focus of thLe traffic engineer’s work is a most visible part of the public infrastructure, it is a field that also involves poliitics at virtually every level of government. Thus, the traffic engineer is called on to exercise a broad range of skills and must be sensitive to a wide range of issues to be effective. This is the third edition of this textbook. It incorporates new standards and analysis techniques from the Manual on Uniform Trafic Control Devices (Millennium Edition), the Highway Capacity Manual (Fourth Edition, 2000), the: Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Fourth Edition, 2001), and other current standards. Like the first two editions, the text can be used for a survey course at the undergraduate or graduate level, as well as for a series of more detailed courses. At Polytechnic, thle text is used in a two-course undergraduate sequence and a series of four graduate courses. The text is organized in four major functional parts: Part I: Components of the Traffic System Part 11: Traffic Studies and Programs Part 111: Applications to Freeway and Rural Highway Systems Part IV Applications to Urban and Suburban Street Systems Chapters have been added on Intelligent Transportation Systems; Parking, Signing, and Marking; Analysis of Unsignalized Intersections; and Arterial Planning and Management. Additional material on functional and geometric design and on marking and signing of facilities has also been added. As in the first two editions, the text contains many sample problems and a wide variety of homework and project assignments that can be used in conjunction with course material. A solutions manual is available. The authors hope that faculty, practicing professionals, and students find this text useful and informative, and they invite comments andor criticisms that will help them continue to improve the material. The authors wish to thank the following reviewers for their comments and helpful suggestions: Carroll J. Messer, Texas A&M University; Emily Parentella, California State University, Long Beach; Mark Virkler, University of Missouri-Columbia; and William Sproule, Michigan Technological University. ROGER P. ROESS ELENA S. PRASSAS WILLIAM R. MCSHANE and their Characteristics . Xlll
