NTERNATIONAL EDITION TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRAFFIC ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION ROGER P ROESS ELENA S.PRASSAS 2 WILLIAM R:MCSHANE E PEARSON
(1 Leaye w心9sje以-d,9, )C。5 Traffic Engineering Third Edition Roger P.Roess Professor of Transportation Engineering Polytechnic University Elena S.Prassas Associate Professor of Transportation Engineering Polytechnic University William R.McShane Professor of Transportation and System Engineering Polytechnic University PEARSON Pearson Education International
If you purchased this book within the United Statesor Canada Vice President and Editorial Director,ECS:Marcia Horton Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing.ESM:David W.Riccardi Acquisitions Editor:Laura Fischer Editorial Assistant:Andrea Messineo Executive Managing Editor:Vince O'Brien Managing Editor:David A.George Production Editor:Rose Kernan Director of Creative Services:Paul Belfanti Creative Director:Carole Anson Art Director:Jayne Conte Cover Designer:Bruce Kenselaar Ant Editor:Connie Long Manufacturing Manager:Trudy Pisciotti Manufacturing Buyer:Lisa McDowell Marketing Manager:Holly Stark PEARSON 2004 by Pearson Education,Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Prentice Pearson Education,Inc. Upper Saddle River.New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,without permission in writing from the publisher Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark of Pearson Education,Inc. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book.These efforts include the develop- ment,research,and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness.The author and publisher shall not be idental or consequential damages with,or arising out of the furnishing performance,or use of these programs Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 ISBN0-13-191877-X Ld:,Sydney Hong Kong No e lucat ducation- aysia,Pte
If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been wrongfully imported without the approval of the Publisher or the Author. Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David IiI! Riccardi Acquisitions Editor: hura Fischer Editorial Assistant: Andrea Messineo Executive Managing Editor: Vince 0 'Brien Managing Editor: David A. George Production Editor: Rose Kernan Director of Creative Services: Paul Belfanti Creative Director: Carole Anson Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Art Editor: Connie Long Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisciotti Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell Marketing Manager: Holly Stark O 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Pearson Prentice all' is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-13-191877-X Pearson Education Ltd., London Pearson Education Australia Pty., Ltd:, Sydney Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc., Toronto Pearson Educaci6n de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education-Japan, Tokyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte, Ltd. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle Rive!; New Jersey
Contents Preface xiii 1 Introduction to Traffic Engineering Uniformity 18 2.2 1.1.3 Responsibility,Ethics,and Liability Important Visual Deficits 21 n Tra 12 Deman 2.2.61m 122C on Road Users 26 22.7 Psychological,P 23 Vehicles Related Factor 1.3 Highway Legislation and History 2.3.1 Concept of the Design Vehicle 27 and the Rights Issue 2.3.3 Braking Characteristics 31 32 2.4 234 2.4.1 Safe sto 33 nse Highways 243 Sigh Distance3 Applications 34 1.6 Star 2.4.4Ch ard R 11 Metric versus U.S.Units 15 Signal 35 Closing Comments 36 Problems37 Part 1 Components of the Traffic System and their Characteristics 16 Roadwaysand Their 2 Road User and Vehicle Characteristics 17 道
Contents Preface xiii 1 Introduction to Traffic Engineering 1.1 Traffic Engineering as a Profession 1 1.1.1 Safety: The Primary Objective 1.1.2 Other Objectives 2 1 1 1.1.3 Responsibility, Ethics, and Liability in Traffic Engineering 2 1.2.1 The Nature of Transportation 1.2.2 Concepts of Mobility 1.2.3 People, Goods, and Vehicles 6 1.2.4 Transportation Modes 7 1.3 Highway Legislation and History 1.2 Transportation Systems and their Function 3 Demand 4 and Accessibility 5 in the United States 7 Rights Issue 7 1.3.1 1.3.2 Key Legislative Milestones 10 1.3.3 The National Pike and the States’ The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways 11 1.4 Elements of Traffic Engineering 13 1.5 1.6 1.7 Metric versus U.S. Units 15 1.8 Closing Comments 15 References 15 Modern Problems for the Traffic Standard References for the Traffic Engineer 14 Engineer 14 Part 1 Components of the Traffic System 2 Road1 User and Vehicle Characteristics 17 and their Characteristics 16 2.1 Overview of Traffic Stream Components 17 2.1.1 Dealing with Diversity 17 2.1.2 Addressing Diversity Through Uniformity 18 2.2 Road Users 18 2.2.1 Visual Characteristics of Drivers 19 2.2.2 Important Visual Deficits 21 2.2.3 Perception-Reaction Time 21 2.2.4 Pedestrian Characteristics 23 2.2.5 Impacts of Drugs and Alcohol 2.2.6 Impacts of Aging on Road Users 26 2.2.7 Psychological, Personality, and Related Factors 26 on Road Users 25 2.3 Vehicles 27 2.3.1 Concept of the Design Vehicle 27 2.3.2 Turning Characteristics of Vehicles 28 2.3.3 Braking Characteristics 3 1 2.3.4 Acceleration Characteristics 32 2.4 Total Stopping Distance and Applications 33 2.4.1 Safe Stopping Sight Distance 33 2.4.2 Decision Sight Distance 34 2.4.3 Other Sight Distance Applications 34 2.4.4 Change (Yellow) and Clearance (All Red) Intervals for a Traffic Signal 35 2.5 Closing Comments 36 References 36 Problems 37 3 Roadways and Their Geometric Characteristics 38 3.1 Highway Functions and Classification 38 3.1.1 Trip Functions 38 . 111
CONTENTS way Classification 39 415C 4.2 76 32 42 422 423 78 322 425 Object Marker 1 4.3 Traffic Signs 83 32.3 Introductin Cross-ectional 432 Regulatory Signs 324 Surveving and Stationing 43 4.3.3 Guide Signs 88 44 4.4.2 Pedest 444 Oth 4.5 Special T s of Control 103 3.3.4 Compound HorizontalCurves 57 4.6 Summary nd Conclusion 103 34 se Ho 58 5 Traffic Stream Characteristics 105 3.43 106 106 Controls on Length of Vertical Curves 64 22 345 Some Design 52.3 Density and o cupancy 112 5.2.4 35 Cro ss-Section Elements of Highways65 g and H 53 114 Relatio nong Flow Spee 353 Side-Slones for Cuts 18 6 3.6 ents 69 6 Intelligent TransportationSystems 120 121 4 Introduction to Traffic Control Devices 71 4.1 Route 1230na 124 istory and Ba MUTCD 6> ronic Toll Colle The Smart Card 126 6.10 Dynamic Assignment 126
CONTENTS 3.1.2 Highway Classification 39 3.1.3 Preserving the Function 3.2 Highway Design Elements 42 of a Facility 40 3.2.1 Introduction to Horizontal Alignment 42 3.2.2 Introduction to Vertical Alignment 43 3.2.3 Introduction to Cross-Sectional Elements 43 3.2.4 Surveying and Stationing 43 3.3 Horizontal Alignment of Highways 44 3.3.1 Geometric Characteristics of Horizontal Curves 44 3.3.2 Spiral Transition Curves 52 3.3.3 Sight Distance on Horizontal 3.3.4 Compound Horizontal Curves 57 3.3.5 Reverse Horizontal Curves 57 3.4.1 Grades 58 3.4.2 Geometric Characteristics of Vertical Curves 6 1 3.4.3 Sight Distance on Vertical Curves 63 3.4.4 of Vertical Curves 64 3.4.5 Some Design Guidelines for Vertical Curves 65 Curves 55 3.4 Vertical Alignment of Highways 58 Other Minimum Controls on Length 3.5 Cross-Section Elements of Highways 65 3.5.1 Travel Lanes and Pavement 65 3.5.2 Shoulders 66 3.5.3 Side-Slopes for Cuts 3.5.4 Guardrail 67 and Embankments 67 3.6 Closing Comments 69 References 69 Problems 70 4 Introduction to Traflic Control Devices 71 4.1 The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 71 4.1.1 History and Background 72 4.1.2 General Principles of the 4.1.3 Contents of the MUTCD 73 4.1.4 Legal Aspects of the MUTCD 74 MUTCD 72 4.1.5 Communicating with the Driver 75 4.2.1 Colors and Patterns 76 4.2.2 Longitudinal Markings 77 4.2.3 Transverse Markings 78 4.2.4 Object Markers 80 4.2.5 Delineators 8 1 4.3.1 Regulatory Signs 83 4.3.2 Warning Signs 87 4.3.3 Guide Signs 88 4.4.1 Traffic Control Signals 94 4.4.2 Pedestrian Signals 100 4.4.3 Other Traffic Signals 100 4.4.4 Trafi5c Signal Controllers 101 4.2 TrafficMarkings 76 4.3 Traffic Signs 83 4.4 Traffic Signals 94 4.5 Special Types of Control 103 4.6 Summary and Conclusion 103 References 104 Problems 104 5 Traffic Stream Characteristics 105 5.1 Types of Facilities 106 5.2 Traffic Stream Parameters 106 5.2.1 Volume and Rate of Flow 106 5.2.2 Speed and Travel Time 11 1 5.2.3 Density and Occupancy 112 5.2.4 Spacing and Headway: Microscopic Parameters 114 5.3 Relationships among Flow Rate, References 11 8 Problems 118 Speed, and Density 115 6 Intelligent Transportation Systems 120 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 The Range of ITS Applications Network Optimization 122 Sensing Traffic using Virtual Detectors In-Vehicle Routing, and Personal The Smart Car 124 Commercial Routing and Delivery 124 Electronic Toll Collection 125 The Smart Card 125 Congestion Pricing 126 Dynamic Assignment 126 121 122 Route Information 123