⊙ THE MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT. BY R.CLAUSIUS. RANSLATED BY WALTER R.BROWNE,M.A., LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE,CAMBRIDG卫， 道ondon: MACMILLAN AND CO. 1879 Digiized by Google
o THE MECHANICAL THEO·RY OF HEAT. ~ tt~:lj~~T; BY WALTER R,·'.l!ROWNE, M.A., UTIlI FELLOW OJ!' TRINITY COLLEGE, C.U(BRIDGE. f'l.onbon: MACMILLAN AND CO. 1879 Digitized by Coogle
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. THE following translation was undertaken at the instance of Dr T.Archer Hirst,F.R.S.,the translator of the first collected edition (mentioned in the Author's Preface below) of Professor Clausius'papers on the Mechanical Theory of Heat.The former work has however been so completely re- written by Professor Clausius,that Dr Hirst's translation has been found scarcely anywhere available;and I must there- fore accept the full responsibility of the present publication. I trust it may be found to supply a want which I have reason to believe has been felt,namely,that of a systematic and connected treatise on Thermodynamics,for use in Universities and Colleges,and among advanced students generally.With the view of rendering it more complete for this purpose,I have added,with the consent of Professor Clausius,three short appendices on points which he had left unnoticed,but which still seemed of interest,at any rate to English readers.These are,(1)The Thermo-elastic pro- ed by ole
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. THE following translation was undertaken at the instance Archer Hirst, translator of l.iW"",'cU'vu edition Author's Preface Professor Clausius' the Mechanical The former work been so written by Professor Clausius, that Dr Hirst's translation has been found scarcely anywhere available; and I must there- I fore accept the full responsibility of the present publication. I trust it may be found to supply a want which I have reason to believe has been felt, namely, that of a systematic connected treatise Thermodynamics, for and With the it more "V'''I'.no purpose, I have the' consent of Clausius, three short appendices on points which he had left unnoticed, but which still seemed of interest, at any rate to English readers. These are, (1) The Thermo-elastic pro-
vi TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. perties of Solids;(2)The application of Thermo-dynamical principles to Capillarity;(3)The Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous states of Matter.My best thanks are due to Dr John Hopkinson,F.R.S.,both for the suggestion of these three points,and also for the original and very elegant investigation from first principles,contained in the first Appendix,and in the commencement of the second.My thanks are also due to Lord Rayleigh,F.R.S.,E.J.Routh, Esq,and Professor James Stuart,for kindly looking through the first proof of the translation,and for various valuable suggestions made in connection with it. WALTER R.BROWNE. 10,VICTORIA CHA3:rBER月，WESTMIK8TEB, November,1879. poireavGOOgle
vi TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. perties of Solids; (2) The application of Thermo-dynamical principles to Capillarity; (3) The Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous states of Matter. My best thanks are due to Dr John Hopkinson, F.R.S., both for the suggestion of these three points, and also for the original and very elegant investigation from first principles, contained in the first Appendix, and in the commencement of the second. My thanks are also due to Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., E. J. Routh, Esq., and Professor James Stuart, for kindly looking through the first proof of the translation, and for various valuable suggestions made in connection with it. WALTER R. BROWNE. 10, VICTORIA CUAlIBEBS, WZSTllIll'STEB, November, 1879. Digitized by Coogle
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. MANY representations having been made to the author from different quarters that the numerous papers"On the Me- chanical Theory of Heat,"which he had published at different times during a series of years,were inaccessible to many who, from the widespread interest now felt in this theory,were anxious to study them,he undertook some years back to publish a complete collection of his papers relating to the subject. As a fresh edition of this book has now become necessary, he has determined to give it an entirely new form.The Mechanical Theory of Heat,in its present development,forms already an extensive and independent branch of science. But it is not easy to study such a subject from a series of separate papers,which,having been published at different times,are unconnected in their form,although they agree in their contents.Notes and additions,however freely used to explain and supplement the papers,do not wholly over- come the difficulty.The author,therefore,thought it best so to re-model the papers that they might form a connected whole,and enable the work to become a text-book of the science.He felt himself the more bound to do this because Google
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. MANY representations having been made to the author from different quarters that the numerous papers CI On the Mechanical Theory of Heat," which he had published at different times during a series of years, were inaccessible to many who, from the widespread interest now felt in this theory, were anxious to study them, he undertook some years back to publish a complete collection of his papers relating to the subject. As a fresh edition of this book has now become necessary, he has determined to give it an entirely new form. The Mechanical Theory of Heat, in its present development, furms already an extensive and independent branch of science. But it is not easy to study such a subject from a series of separate papers, which, having been published at different times, are unconnected in their form, although they agree in their contents. Notes and additions, however freely used to explain and supplement tIle papers, do not wholly overcome the difficulty. The author, therefore, thought it best so to re-model the papers that they might form a connected whole, and enable the work to become a text-book of the science. He felt himself the more bound to do this because Digitized by Coogle
viⅲ AUTHOR'S PREFACE. his long experience as a lecturer on the Mecbanical Theory of Heat at a Polytechnic School and at several Universities had taught him how the subject-matter should be arranged and represented,so as to render the new view and the new method of calculation adopted in this somewhat difficult theory the more readily intelligible.This plan also enabled him to make use of the investigations of other writers,and by that means to give the subject greater completeness and finish.These authorities of course have been in every case duly recognized by name.During the ten years which have elapsed since the first volume of papers appeared,many fresh investigations into the Mechanical Theory of Heat have been published,and as these have also been discussed,the contents of the volume have been considerably increased. Therefore in submitting to the public this,the first part of his new investigation of the Mechanical Theory of Heat, the author feels that,although it owes its origin to the second edition of his former volume,still,as it contains so much that is fresh,he may in many respects venture to call it a new work. R.CLAUSIUS. Boxx,December,1875. Digitized by Google
viii AUTHOR'S PREFACE. his long experience as a lecturer on the Mechanical Theory of Heat at a Polytechnic School and at several Universities had taught him how the subject-matter should be 'arranged and represented, so as to render the new view and the new method of calculation adopted in this somewhat difficult theory the more readily intelligible. This plan also enabled him to make use of the investigations of other writers, and by that means to give the subject greater completeness and finish. These authorities of course have been in every case duly recognized by name. During the ten years which have elapsed since the first volume of papers appeared, many fresh investigations into the Mechanical Theory of Heat have been published, and as these have also been discussed, the contents of the volume have been considerably increased. Therefore in submitting to the public this, the first part of his new investigation of the Mechanical Theory of Heat, the author feels that, although it owes its origin to the second edition of his former volume, still, as it contains so much that is fresh, he may in many respects venture to call it a new work. R. CLAUSIUS. BONN, December, ]875. Digitized by Coogle