YUNUS A.CENGEL MICHAEL A.BOLES THERMODYNAMICS An Engineering Approach Eighth Edition
Graw Education THERMODYNAMICS:AN ENGINEERING APPROACH.EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education,2 Penn Plaza,New York,NY 10121.Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education.All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.Previous editions 2011,2008,2006,and 2002.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education,including.but not limited to,in any network or other electronic storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries,including electronic and print components,may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1234567890D0WD0W10987654 ISBN978-0-07-339817-4 MHD0-07-339817-9 Senior Vice President,Products Markets:Kurt L.Strand Vice President,General Manager:Marty Lange Vice President,Content Production Technology Services:Kimberly Meriwether David Global Publisher:Raghothaman Srinivasan Executive Editor:Bill Stenguist Developmental Editor:Lorraine K.Buczek Marketing Manager:Heather Wagner Director.Content Production:Terri Schiesl Content Project Manager:Jolynn Kilburg Buyer:Jennifer Pickel Cover Designer:Studio Montage,St.Louis,MO. Cover Photo:Photo provided by Alstom.2007 Bryon Paul McCartney www.photoworks312.com all rights reserved. Compositor:RPK Editorial Services,Inc. Typeface:10.5/12 Times LT Std Roman Printer:R.R.Donnelley About the Cover:A fully bladed GT26 gas turbine rotor at Alstom's rotor factory in Birr,Switzerland. All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on File The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication.The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education,and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com
THERMODYNAMICS: AN ENGINEERING APPROACH, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2011, 2008, 2006, and 2002. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN 978-0-07-339817-4 MHID 0-07-339817-9 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L. Strand Vice President, General Manager: Marty Lange Vice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan Executive Editor: Bill Stenquist Developmental Editor: Lorraine K. Buczek Marketing Manager: Heather Wagner Director, Content Production: Terri Schiesl Content Project Manager: Jolynn Kilburg Buyer: Jennifer Pickel Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, MO. Cover Photo: Photo provided by Alstom. © 2007 Bryon Paul McCartney | www.photoworks312.com | all rights reserved. Compositor: RPK Editorial Services, Inc. Typeface: 10.5/12 Times LT Std Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley About the Cover: A fully bladed GT26 gas turbine rotor at Alstom’s rotor factory in Birr, Switzerland. All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on File The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com cen98179_fm_i-xxvi.indd iv 11/29/13 6:39 PM
Quotes on Ethics Without ethics,everything happens as if we were all five billion passengers on a big machinery and nobody is driving the machinery.And it's going faster and faster,but we don't know where. -Jacques Cousteau Because you're able to do it and because you have the right to do it doesn't mean it's right to do it. -Laura Schlessinger A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world. -Manly Hall The concern for man and his destiny must always be the chief interest of all technical effort.Never forget it among your diagrams and equations. -Albert Einstein Cowardice asks the question,'Is it safe?'Expediency asks the question,'Is it politic?'Vanity asks the question,'Is it popular?'But,conscience asks the question,'Is it right?'And there comes a time when one must take a posi- tion that is neither safe,nor politic,nor popular but one must take it because one's conscience tells one that it is right. -Martin Luther King,Jr To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society. -Theodore Roosevelt Politics which revolves around benefit is savagery. -Said Nursi The true test of civilization is,not the census,nor the size of the cities,nor the crops,but the kind of man that the country turns out. -Ralph W.Emerson The measure of a man's character is what he would do if he knew he never would be found out. -Thomas B.Macaulay
Quotes on Ethics Without ethics, everything happens as if we were all five billion passengers on a big machinery and nobody is driving the machinery. And it’s going faster and faster, but we don’t know where. —Jacques Cousteau Because you’re able to do it and because you have the right to do it doesn’t mean it’s right to do it. —Laura Schlessinger A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world. —Manly Hall The concern for man and his destiny must always be the chief interest of all technical effort. Never forget it among your diagrams and equations. —Albert Einstein Cowardice asks the question, ‘Is it safe?’ Expediency asks the question, ‘Is it politic?’ Vanity asks the question, ‘Is it popular?’ But, conscience asks the question, ‘Is it right?’ And there comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular but one must take it because one’s conscience tells one that it is right. —Martin Luther King, Jr To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society. —Theodore Roosevelt Politics which revolves around benefit is savagery. —Said Nursi The true test of civilization is, not the census, nor the size of the cities, nor the crops, but the kind of man that the country turns out. —Ralph W. Emerson The measure of a man’s character is what he would do if he knew he never would be found out. —Thomas B. Macaulay cen98179_fm_i-xxvi.indd v 11/29/13 6:39 PM
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Yunus A.Cengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada,Reno.He received his B.S.in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S.and Ph.D.in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University.His areas of interest are renewable energy, energy efficiency,energy policies,heat transfer enhancement,and engineering edu- cation.He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC)at the University of Nevada,Reno,from 1996 to 2000.He has led teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to perform industrial assessments,and has prepared energy conservation,waste mini- mization,and productivity enhancement reports for them.He has also served as an advisor for various government organizations and corporations. Dr.Cengel is also the author or coauthor of the widely adopted textbooks Heat and Mass Transfer:Fundamentals and Applications(5th ed.,2015),Fluid Mechanics:Fundamentals and Applications (3rd ed.,2014),Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (4th ed.,2012),Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer(2nd ed.,2008),and Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists(Ist ed.,2013),all published by McGraw-Hill.Some of his textbooks have been translated into Chinese,Japanese,Korean,Thai,Spanish,Portuguese, Turkish,Italian,Greek,and French. Dr.Cengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards,and he has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000.Dr.Cengel is a registered Professional Engi- neer in the State of Nevada,and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)and the American Society for Engineering Education(ASEE). Michael A.Boles is Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engi- neering at North Carolina State University,where he earned his Ph.D.in mechani- cal engineering and is an Alumni Distinguished Professor.Dr.Boles has received numerous awards and citations for excellence as an engineering educator.He is a past recipient of the SAE Ralph R.Teetor Education Award and has been twice elected to the NCSU Academy of Outstanding Teachers.The NCSU ASME student section has consistently recognized him as the outstanding teacher of the year and the faculty member having the most impact on mechanical engineering students. Dr.Boles specializes in heat transfer and has been involved in the ana- lytical and numerical solution of phase change and drying of porous media. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE),and Sigma Xi Dr.Boles received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award in 1992 for excellence in authorship
Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University. His areas of interest are renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy policies, heat transfer enhancement, and engineering education. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to perform industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. He has also served as an advisor for various government organizations and corporations. Dr. Çengel is also the author or coauthor of the widely adopted textbooks Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications (5th ed., 2015), Fluid Mechanics:Fundamentals and Applications (3rd ed., 2014), Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (4th ed., 2012), Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer (2nd ed., 2008), and Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists (1st ed., 2013), all published by McGraw-Hill. Some of his textbooks have been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Italian, Greek, and French. Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000. Dr. Çengel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). Michael A. Boles is Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at North Carolina State University, where he earned his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and is an Alumni Distinguished Professor. Dr. Boles has received numerous awards and citations for excellence as an engineering educator. He is a past recipient of the SAE Ralph R. Teetor Edu cation Award and has been twice elected to the NCSU Academy of Outstanding Teachers. The NCSU ASME student section has consistently recognized him as the outstanding teacher of the year and the faculty member having the most impact on mechanical engineering students. Dr. Boles specializes in heat transfer and has been involved in the analytical and numerical solution of phase change and drying of porous media. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and Sigma Xi. Dr. Boles received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award in 1992 for excellence in authorship. About the Authors cen98179_fm_i-xxvi.indd vi 11/29/13 6:39 PM
BRIEF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 CHAPTER TWO ENERGY,ENERGY TRANSFER,AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 51 CHAPTER THREE PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 111 CHAPTER FOUR ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 163 CHAPTER FIVE MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 213 CHAPTER SIX THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 275 CHAPTER SEVEN ENTROPY 329 CHAPTER EIGHT EXERGY 421 CHAPTER NINE GAS POWER CYCLES 485 CHAPTER TEN VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES 553 CHAPTER ELEVEN REFRIGERATION CYCLES 607 CHAPTER TWELVE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS 655 CHAPTER THIRTEEN GAS MIXTURES 687 CHAPTER FOURTEEN GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR-CONDITIONING 725 CHAPTER FIFTEEN CHEMICAL REACTIONS 759 CHAPTER SIXTEEN CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 805 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 839 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN (WEB CHAPTER) RENEWABLE ENERGY
Brief Contents chapter one INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 chapter two ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 51 chapter three PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 111 chapter four ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 163 chapter five MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 213 chapter six THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 275 chapter seven ENTROPY 329 chapter eight EXERGY 421 chapter nine GAS POWER CYCLES 485 chapter ten VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES 553 chapter eleven REFRIGERATION CYCLES 607 chapter twelve THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS 655 chapter thirteen GAS MIXTURES 687 chapter fourteen GAS–VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR-CONDITIONING 725 chapter fifteen CHEMICAL REACTIONS 759 chapter sixteen CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 805 chapter seventeen COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 839 chapter eighteen (web chapter) RENEWABLE ENERGY cen98179_fm_i-xxvi.indd vii 11/29/13 6:39 PM