The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2ε（Or LATEX 2ε in 139 minutes）

The Not So Short Introduction to IATEX 2s Or ITEX 2e in 139 minutes by Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl,Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 6.4,March 09,2021

The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2ε Or LATEX 2ε in 139 minutes by Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 6.4, March 09, 2021

iv Thank you! The following individuals helped with corrections,suggestions and material to improve this paper.They put in a big effort to help me get this document d e to sincerely thank all of them elled you ind in this k are mof the me a lin e peop If you want to contribute to this booklet,you can find all the source code on https://github.com/oetiker/lshort.Your pull requests will be appreciated. T s de Andrade Eil August,Rosemary Bailey a David Carlisle, aristoChin Diego Clavadetscher,wi van Dam,Benjamin Deschwand berne thia ohn Falk.Fischer Frank Fischi,Damiel Flipo,Frank,Mic Milic Frederickx ble,Andy Goth, Neil Hammond,Christoph Hamburger.Rasmus Borup Hansen,Joseph Hilferty. id Jones.lobannes-Maria Kaltenbach.Nils Kanni istian Kern,Alain Kessi,Axel Kielho Sander de Kievit,Kjetil Kjernsmo Krewer Armin Miiller,Philipp Nagele,Richard Nagy,Manuel Oetiker,Urs Oswald, Dert Far Pietracci Mike Res Brian Ripley,Kurt Rosenfeld,Bernd Rosenlecher,Chris Rowley. Serrai Solanich

iv Thank you! The following individuals helped with corrections, suggestions and material to improve this paper. They put in a big effort to help me get this document into its present shape. I would like to sincerely thank all of them. Naturally, all the mistakes you’ll find in this book are mine. If you ever find a word that is spelled correctly, it must have been one of the people below dropping me a line. If you want to contribute to this booklet, you can find all the source code on https://github.com/oetiker/lshort. Your pull requests will be appreciated. Eric Abrahamsen, Lenimar Nunes de Andrade, Eilinger August, Rosemary Bailey, Barbara Beeton, Marc Bevand, Connor Blakey, Salvatore Bonaccorso, Pietro Braione, Friedemann Brauer, Markus Brühwiler, Jan Busa, David Carlisle, Neil Carter, Carl Cerecke, Mike Chapman, Pierre Chardaire, Xingyou Chen, Christopher Chin, Diego Clavadetscher, Wim van Dam, Benjamin Deschwanden Jan Dittberner, Michael John Downes, Matthias Dreier, David Dureisseix, Hans Ehrbar, Elliot, Rockrush Engch, William Faulk, Robin Fairbairns, Johan Falk, Jörg Fischer, Frank Fischli, Daniel Flipo, Frank, Mic Milic Frederickx, David Frey, Erik Frisk, Hans Fugal, Robert Funnell, Greg Gamble, Andy Goth, Cyril Goutte, Kasper B. Graversen, Arlo Griffiths, Alexandre Guimond, Neil Hammond, Christoph Hamburger, Rasmus Borup Hansen, Joseph Hilferty, Daniel Hirsbrunner, Martien Hulsen, Björn Hvittfeldt, Morten Høgholm, Werner Icking, Eric Jacoboni, Jakob, Alan Jeffrey, Martin Jenkins, Byron Jones, David Jones, Johannes-Maria Kaltenbach, Nils Kanning, Andrzej Kawalec, Christian Kern, Alain Kessi, Axel Kielhorn, Sander de Kievit, Kjetil Kjernsmo, Tobias Klauser, Jörg Knappen, Michael Koundouros, Matt Kraai, Tobias Krewer, Flori Lambrechts, Mike Lee, Maik Lehradt, Rémi Letot, Axel Liljencrantz, Jasper Loy, Johan Lundberg, Martin Maechler, Alexander Mai, Claus Malten, Kevin Van Maren, Pablo Markin, I. J. Vera Marún, Hendrik Maryns, Chris McCormack, Aleksandar S. Milosevic, Henrik Mitsch, Stefan M. Moser, Armin Müller, Philipp Nagele, Richard Nagy, Manuel Oetiker, Urs Oswald, Hubert Partl, Marcelo Pasin, Martin Pfister, Lan Thuy Pham, Breno Pietracci, Demerson Andre Polli, Maksym Polyakov, Nikos Pothitos, John Refling, Mike Ressler, Brian Ripley, Kurt Rosenfeld, Bernd Rosenlecher, Chris Rowley, Young U. Ryu, Risto Saarelma, András Salamon, José Carlos Santos, Christopher Sawtell, Gilles Schintgen, Craig Schlenter, Hanspeter Schmid, Baron Schwartz, John Scott, Jordi Serra i Solanich, Miles Spielberg, Susan Stewart, Matthieu Stigler, Geoffrey Swindale, Laszlo Szathmary, Boris Tobotras, Josef Tkadlec, Scott Veirs, Didier Verna, Carl-Gustav Werner, Fabian Wernli, Matthew Widmann, David Woodhouse, Chris York, Rick Zaccone, Fritz Zaucker, and Mikhail Zotov

Preface suitable for producing all sorts of other documents.from simple letters to complete books.ITEX uses TEX 2 as its formatting engine. This short introduction describes INTEX2e and should be sufficient for most applications of ITEX.Refer to ,3]for a complete description of the LYTEX system. This introduction is split into6chapters Chapter 1 tells you about the basic structure of ITEX2 documents.You Chapter 2 goes into the details of typesetting your documents.It explain mo mands and environme nts.After rea b Chapter3 explains how to typeset formulae with LTEX. Many ex ample are sym WT:X. ing PDES es,bibliography generation and some finer points Chapter 5 shows how to use ITEX for creating graphics.Instead of draw 透山品以面 e grap Cs a n Chapte contair ssome potentially dangerous inforn abou how to ut p output of BTEX turns

Preface LATEX [1] is a typesetting system that is very suitable for producing scien￾tific and mathematical documents of high typographical quality. It is also suitable for producing all sorts of other documents, from simple letters to complete books. LATEX uses TEX [2] as its formatting engine. This short introduction describes LATEX 2ε and should be sufficient for most applications of LATEX. Refer to [1, 3] for a complete description of the LATEX system. This introduction is split into 6 chapters: Chapter 1 tells you about the basic structure of LATEX 2ε documents. You will also learn a bit about the history of LATEX. After reading this chapter, you should have a rough understanding how LATEX works. Chapter 2 goes into the details of typesetting your documents. It explains most of the essential LATEX commands and environments. After read￾ing this chapter, you will be able to write your first documents, with itemized lists, tables, graphics and floating bodies. Chapter 3 explains how to typeset formulae with LATEX. Many examples demonstrate how to use one of LATEX’s main strengths. At the end of the chapter are tables listing all mathematical symbols available in LATEX. Chapter 4 explains indexes, bibliography generation and some finer points about creating PDFs. Chapter 5 shows how to use LATEX for creating graphics. Instead of draw￾ing a picture with some graphics program, saving it to a file and then including it into LATEX, you describe the picture and have LATEX draw it for you. Chapter 6 contains some potentially dangerous information about how to alter the standard document layout produced by LATEX. It will tell you how to change things such that the beautiful output of LATEX turns ugly or stunning, depending on your abilities

i Preface It is important to read the chapters in order-the book is not that big,after all.Be sure to carefully read the examples,because a lot of the information is in the examples placed throughout the book BTX is available for most computers,from the PC and Mac to large UNIX and VMS systems.On many university computer clusters you will find that a ITEX installation is available,ready to use.Information on how to access the local IsTEX installation should be provided in the Local Guide.If you have problems getting started,ask the person who gave you this booklet. e scope of this document is not to tell you how to install and set up a you how to write your documents so that they can be proce If you need to get hold of any ITEX related material,have a look at one of the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network(CTAN)sites.The homepage is at http://www.ctan.org. You will find other references to CTAN throughout the book,especially ad. Instea within the a ree you sho IT your own computer,take a look at what is If If vou have ideas for something to be added.removed or altered in this document,please let me know.I am especially interested in feedback from BTEX novices about which bits of this intro are easy to understand and which could be explained better. Tobias Oetiker <tobi@oetiker.ch> OeTIKER-PARTNER AG 4600 Olten Switzerland

vi Preface It is important to read the chapters in order—the book is not that big, after all. Be sure to carefully read the examples, because a lot of the information is in the examples placed throughout the book. LATEX is available for most computers, from the PC and Mac to large UNIX and VMS systems. On many university computer clusters you will find that a LATEX installation is available, ready to use. Information on how to access the local LATEX installation should be provided in the Local Guide [5]. If you have problems getting started, ask the person who gave you this booklet. The scope of this document is not to tell you how to install and set up a LATEX system, but to teach you how to write your documents so that they can be processed by LATEX. If you need to get hold of any LATEX related material, have a look at one of the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN) sites. The homepage is at http://www.ctan.org. You will find other references to CTAN throughout the book, especially pointers to software and documents you might want to download. Instead of writing down complete URLs, I just wrote CTAN: followed by whatever location within the CTAN tree you should go to. If you want to run LATEX on your own computer, take a look at what is available from CTAN://systems. If you have ideas for something to be added, removed or altered in this document, please let me know. I am especially interested in feedback from LATEX novices about which bits of this intro are easy to understand and which could be explained better. Tobias Oetiker <tobi@oetiker.ch> OETIKER+PARTNER AG Aarweg 15 4600 Olten Switzerland The current version of this document is available on CTAN://info/lshort

Contents Thank you! 分 Preface 1 Things You Need to Know 1.1 A Bit of History 1.1.1x 1.1.210TFX 2 1.2 Basics 2 1.2.1 Author,Book Designer,and Typesetter··.·.. 1.2.2 Layout Design 1.23 Advantages and Disadvantages............. l.3E以Input Files···· 1.41m ut File Sments A Typical Co d Line Sesio 1.6T Layout of the Document 9 nent classe 1 62 Packages 1.6.3 Page Stvles 11 1.7 Files You Might Encounter 1) 1.8 Big Projects】 14 2 Typesetting Text kt and Language,· 2 2 L ructure of Tex Br 22.1 2.2.2 2.4 le String and Symbols

Contents Thank you! iii Preface v 1 Things You Need to Know 1 1.1 A Bit of History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 Author, Book Designer, and Typesetter . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 Layout Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 LATEX Input Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.1 Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.2 Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.3 LATEX Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.4 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Input File Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 A Typical Command Line Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.6 The Layout of the Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6.1 Document Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6.2 Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.6.3 Page Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.7 Files You Might Encounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.8 Big Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 Typesetting Text 15 2.1 The Structure of Text and Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.1 Justified Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.2 Hyphenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Ready-Made Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 Special Characters and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19