Production of other useful isotopes with 20 Mev proton induced reactions The irradiation of solid materials requires much better Isotope T Reaction Batch size Application beam quality 3.08 h nat Sc(p, n)45Ti 100 GBq PET: bioconjugates parameters than gas 55C0 17. 54 h nat Fe(p, 2n)55Co 50 GBq PET, encymes, vitamines targets. Consequently, beam homogenisation HoC 12.7h 6Ni(p, n)4Cu 100GB PET& therapy, and beam manipulation u 61.9h 7Zn(p, a)67Cu 50 GBa therapy, bioconjugates is needed, ussually not 66Ga 9.4h 66Zn(p, n)66Ga 50GBq PET possible at the PeT 76B 16h Se(p, n)Br 10 GBq PET cyclotron 8IRb8ImKr 4.58h8Kr(p, 2n)iRB 20 GB Generator SPect External beam lines 14.7h 86Sr(p, n)8Y 50GB PET, bioconjugates known from classica Isotope oduction at 9Zr 78.4 h 89Y(p, n)8%Zr 20 GBe PET bioconjugates pre cyclotrons, will take nb 14.6h 90Zr(p,n)%oNb 20 GB PET, bioconjugates this function over 94Tc 4.9h 94Mo(p, n)9Tc 20 GBe PET The new generation of oIr 69.1 m noCd(p, n)1oIn 20 GBq PET multi-purpose 1.35 h 120Te(p,n 10 GB PET cyclotrons will be 13.2 h 123Te(p, n)1231 20 GBq SPECT equipped with high tech diagnostic tools 4 4.15d 124Te(p, n)124I 2 GBq PET and provide higher 165Er 10.3h nat Ho(p, n)165Er 40 GBq Auger Therapy beam current than in oRe 906h86W(pn)18Re 20 GB Therapy the past
The irradiation of solid materials requires much better beam quality parameters than gas targets. Consequently, beam homogenisation and beam manipulation is needed, ussually not possible at the PET cyclotrons. External beam lines, known from classical isotope production at cyclotrons, will take this function over. The new generation of multi-purpose cyclotrons will be equipped with hightech diagnostic tools and provide higher beam current than in the past. Production of other useful isotopes with the PET cyclotron 20 GBq Auger Therapy natHo (p,n) 10.3 h 165Er 165Er 123I 13.2 h 123Te (p,n) 123I 10 GBq SPECT 124I 4.15 d 124Te (p,n) 124I 1 GBq PET 5 GBq Therapy 186W (p,n) 90.6 h 186Re 186Re 120I 1.35 h 120Te (p,n) 120I 10 GBq PET 110In 69.1 m 110Cd (p,n) 110In 5-10 GBq PET 94Tc 4.9 h 94Mo (p,n) 94Tc 10 GBq PET 10 GBq PET, bioconjugates 90Zr (p,n) 14.6 h 90Nb 90Nb 10 GBq PET, bioconjugates 89Y (p,n) 78.4 h 89Zr 89Zr 5-10 GBq PET, bioconjugates 86Sr (p,n) 86Y 14.7 h 86Y 81Rb/81mKr 4.58 h 82Kr (p,2n) 81Rb 0.5-1 GBq Generator, SPECT 76Br 16 h 76Se (p,n) 76Br 2 GBq PET 66Ga 9.4 h 66Zn (p,n) 66Ga 10 GBq PET 10-20 GBq therapy, bioconjugates 70Zn (p,) 61.9 h 67Cu 67Cu 40 GBq PET & therapy, 64Ni (p,n) 64Cu 12.7 h 64Cu 0.5-1 GBq PET, encymes, vitamines natFe (p,2n) 17.54 h 55Co 55Co 10-20 GBq PET: bioconjugates nat.Sc (p,n) 3.08 h 45Ti 45Ti Isotope T 1/2 Reaction Batch size Application 40 GBq Auger Therapy natHo (p,n) 10.3 h 165Er 165Er 123I 13.2 h 123Te (p,n) 123I 20 GBq SPECT 124I 4.15 d 124Te (p,n) 124I 2 GBq PET 20 GBq Therapy 186W (p,n) 90.6 h 186Re 186Re 120I 1.35 h 120Te (p,n) 120I 10 GBq PET 110In 69.1 m 110Cd (p,n) 110In 20 GBq PET 94Tc 4.9 h 94Mo (p,n) 94Tc 20 GBq PET 20 GBq PET, bioconjugates 90Zr (p,n) 14.6 h 90Nb 90Nb 20 GBq PET, bioconjugates 89Y (p,n) 78.4 h 89Zr 89Zr 50 GBq PET, bioconjugates 86Sr (p,n) 86Y 14.7 h 86Y 81Rb/81mKr 4.58 h 82Kr (p,2n) 81Rb 20 GBq Generator, SPECT 76Br 16 h 76Se (p,n) 76Br 10 GBq PET 66Ga 9.4 h 66Zn (p,n) 66Ga 50GBq PET 50 GBq therapy, bioconjugates 70Zn (p,) 61.9 h 67Cu 67Cu 100 GBq PET & therapy, 64Ni (p,n) 64Cu 12.7 h 64Cu 50 GBq PET, encymes, vitamines natFe (p,2n) 17.54 h 55Co 55Co 100 GBq PET: bioconjugates nat.Sc (p,n) 3.08 h 45Ti 45Ti Isotope T 1/2 Reaction Batch size Application with < 20 MeV proton induced reactions
2.3 Principles of a Generator The use of short-lived radionuclides has grown considerably because larger dosages of these radionuclides can be administered to the patient with only minimal radiation dose and produce excellent image quality a generator is constructed on the principle of the decay-growth relationship between a long-lived parent radionuclide and its short-lived daughter radionuclide
2.3 Principles of a Generator The use of short-lived radionuclides has grown considerably, because larger dosages of these radionuclides can be administered to the patient with only minimal radiation dose and produce excellent image quality. A generator is constructed on the principle of the decay-growth relationship between a long-lived parent radionuclide and its short-lived daughter radionuclide
Three Component Decay Chains X1+ X2 X3( stable) dN,(t) dt M,N1(t) N1(t)=M1(0)e-41t dN,(t dt =-2N2(t)+A1N1(t) (t)=N2(- m2 A1N1(0) λ1t e dN3(t) 2N2(t) at
Three Component Decay Chains
Daughter Decays Faster than the Parent l 2 A( M0%2-M 入2 e-(与2-1)t X2 A2(t)一→A1(0) 入1t 入2-入 daughter's decay rate is limited by the decay rate of the parent
Daughter Decays Faster than the Parent λI < λ2, daughter's decay rate is limited by the decay rate of the parent
mportant Radionuclide generators 99Mo-99mTc Generator. The 99 Mo radionuclide has a half-life of 66 hr and decays by b emission The radionuclide g9mtc has a half-life of 6 hr and decays to 99Tc by isomeric transition of 140 kev The extreme usefulness of this generator is due to the excellent radiation characteristics of 99mTc, namely its 6 hr half-life, very little electron emission, and a high yield of 140-keVy rays%), which are nearly ideal for the current generation of imaging devices in nuclear medicine
Important Radionuclide Generators 99Mo– 99mTc Generator:- The 99Mo radionuclide has a half-life of 66 hr and decays by β emission. The radionuclide 99mTc has a half-life of 6 hr and decays to 99Tc by isomeric transition of 140 keV. The extreme usefulness of this generator is due to the excellent radiation characteristics of 99mTc, namely its 6- hr half-life, very little electron emission, and a high yield of 140-keV γ rays (90%), which are nearly ideal for the current generation of imaging devices in nuclear medicine