1.2HypothesisFramingaTestable RelationshipHo: There is no association between the exposureanddiseaseofinterestHl: There is an association between the exposureand disease of interest (beyond what might beexpectedfromrandomerroralone)西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系
西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 16 Framing a Testable Relationship H0: There is no association between the exposure and disease of interest H1: There is an association between the exposure and disease of interest (beyond what might be expected from random error alone) 1.2 Hypothesis
1.3BasicQuestioninAnalyticStudiesAnalytical epidemiology investigates the determinants ofhealthevents(systematically)inresearchdesignsAre exposureand outcomelinked?E-DOutcomeExposure[determinant](disease...)Basicmodelofepidemiologic researchInvestigate ifa relationshipexistsornot西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系
西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 Analytical epidemiology investigates the determinants of health events (systematically) in research designs Basic model of epidemiologic research Investigate if a relationship exists or not Exposure [determinant] Outcome (disease.) 1.3 Basic Question in Analytic Studies Are exposure and outcome linked?
1.3BasicQuestioninAnalyticStudiesThe underlying principle in research is to identifyif a cause and effect relationship existsexposurecauseseffectThetraditional foundation of researchondeterminantsfordisease isbuilon the demonstration that an exposure (e.g. environmental, socialgenetic, behavioral) causes an effect (the disease). This is often simplyreferred to as investigating a "cause-and-effect"relationship.The goalof research is to gather wide-ranging evidence to establish the importanceof theexposure as a causal agent inthediseaseprocess西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系
西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 18 The traditional foundation of research on determinants for disease is built on the demonstration that an exposure (e.g. environmental, social, genetic, behavioral) causes an effect (the disease). This is often simply referred to as investigating a “cause-and-effect” relationship. The goal of research is to gather wide-ranging evidence to establish the importance of the exposure as a causal agent in the disease process. The underlying principle in research is to identify if a cause and effect relationship exists 1.3 Basic Question in Analytic Studies
1.3BasicQuestionin AnalyticStudiesIf an exposure is causal, then elimination or reduction of theexposure will reduce or eliminate diseaseAreexposureand outcomelinked?Causal RoleIE:DIExposureOutcome[determinant](disease...)This information is used by publichealth officials to build diseasecontrolandpreventionefforts.西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系
西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 19 If an exposure is causal, then elimination or reduction of the exposure will reduce or eliminate disease Are exposure and outcome linked? Exposure [determinant] Outcome (disease.) Causal Role This information is used by public health officials to build disease control and prevention efforts. 1.3 Basic Question in Analytic Studies
1.3BasicQuestioninAnalyticStudiesCause-and-effect relationships assume (or have evidence toshow) that....: The exposure must precede the effect (disease)A causal factoris an exposure that precedes a disease, andwithout which the disease would not have occurred... (Rothman).Theexposuremustproducetheoutcomeratherthanthe outcome producing the exposureFurther,the exposure can be eitherpositive (leading to disease)or negative (preventing disease)in its effect西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系
西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 • The exposure must precede the effect (disease) A causal factor is an exposure that precedes a disease, and without which the disease would not have occurred. (Rothman) • The exposure must produce the outcome rather than the outcome producing the exposure Further, the exposure can be either positive (leading to disease) or negative (preventing disease) in its effect 20 Cause-and-effect relationships assume (or have evidence to show) that . 1.3 Basic Question in Analytic Studies