Chapter 1 State of SubstancesGas1-1TheIdeal Gas Equationof State1-2Dalton's Law ofPartialPressures1-3 TheKinetic-MolecularTheory1-4Real Gases2Liquid2-1 Evaporation of Liquids2-2VaporPressure,C-C equation2-3BoilingPoint of Liquid3Solid
1 Chapter 1 State of Substances 1 Gas 1-1 The Ideal Gas Equation of State 1-2 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 1-3 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory 1-4 Real Gases 2 Liquid 2-1 Evaporation of Liquids 2-2 Vapor Pressure ,C-C equation 2-3 Boiling Point of Liquid 3 Solid
4Plasma(（等离子体）等离子体即指其中离子所带的正、负电量是相等的[地球上只能在实验条件下产生氛气，D,→D,++e的物质是自然界中大量存在，宇宙中绝大多数（大于99%）以等离子状态存在的，地球电离层、极光、闪电
2 4 Plasma (等离子体) 等离子体即指其中离子所带的正、负电量是相等的 [地球上只能在实验条件下产生]氘气，D2 → D2 + + e－ 自然界中大量存在，宇宙中绝大多数（大于 99% ）的物质是 以等离子状态存在的，地球电离层、极光、闪电
5Superhidensity（超高密度态）Atveryhighpressures(greaterthan 2o0atm),somegaseousmixtures consist of more than one phase.Eg.helium and xenon在高压下物质的结构会产生很大的变化例1：绝缘→导体，半导→导→超导例2：104Pa下，95℃的会凝固成冰（热冰）例3：106Pa时，H,(1.)可导电，并具有稳定的电导率
3 5 Superhi density (超高密度态) At very high pressures(greater than 200 atm),some gaseous mixtures consist of more than one phase. Eg. helium and xenon 在高压下物质的结构会产生很大的变化 例1： 绝缘 → 导体，半导 → 导 →超导 例2 ：104 Pa下，95℃的会凝固成冰（热冰） 例3 ：106 Pa时，H2 (l.)可导电，并具有稳定的电导率
1 GasI-l The Ideal Gas Eguation of State(1)Ideal GasIt is an ideal model: A gas which has quantity but no volume,without interactions,without losing kinetic energy when collideswitheachother.具有质量的几何点，只有位置而不占有体积，分子间无相互引力，发生碰撞没有动能损失Under high temperature and low pressure(T> oC; Pseveralatmosphere pressures, P→ 0)The distance among molecules are much bigger than the moleculesize,which means that compared with the gas volume,the moleculevolume is very tiny.Interactions among molecules can be neglected
4 1 Gas 1-1 The Ideal Gas Equation of State (1) Ideal Gas It is an ideal model : A gas which has quantity but no volume, without interactions,without losing kinetic energy when collides with each other. 具有质量的几何点，只有位置而不占有体积，分子间无相互引力， 发生碰撞没有动能损失. Under high temperature and low pressure( T > 0℃；P ~several atmosphere pressures，P → 0 ) The distance among molecules are much bigger than the molecule size, which means that compared with the gas volume, the molecule volume is very tiny . Interactions among molecules can be neglected
2TheIdealGasEquationof StateBoyle's law V= constantp/P (T,n constant)Charles's law V = constantc X T (P, n constant)Avogadro's law V = constant Xn (T, P constant)V = a constant (T n/P)PV=nRT
5 (2 )The Ideal Gas Equation of State Boyle's law V = constantB /P (T ,n constant) Charles's law V = constantC ×T (P, n constant) Avogadro's law V = constantA ×n (T, P constant) V = a constant (T n/P) PV = n RT