James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 E rico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 iradiation Ernest lawrence Invented the cyclotron 1939 G eorge De Hevesy Use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical 1943 processes (chem) Otto hahn Discovered fission of massive nuclei 1944 Patrick blackett Improved cloud chamber and discoveries in nuclear 19P physics and cosmic rays Hideki yukawa Predicted the existence of mesons as the basis of the 1949 nuclear force cl Powe Developed the photographic method of studying 1950 nuclear processes Edwin mcmillan and Discoveries in the chemistries of the transuranium 1951 Glenn seaborg elements (chem) John Cockcroft and Transmutation of nuclei by accelerated particles 1951 Ernest walton
Felix Bloch and Edward Measured magnetic fields in atomic nuclei ( NMR Purcell Walther bothe Analysis of cosmic radiation using the coincidence 1954 method Willard lil For his method to use C for age determination 1960 Robert hofstadter Studied nuclear structure with electron scattering 196/P Rudolf mossbauer Discovery of recoilless resonance absorption of 196l gamma rays in nuclei Eugene wigner pplication of symmetry principles to the nucleus 1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer Developed the nuclear shell model 1963 and hans jensen I Hans bethe Developed the theory of nuclear reactions in stars 1967 Aage bohr, Ben Developed the theory of collective states in nuclei 1975 Mottelson. and james Rainwater Rosalind yalow Study of insulin using radioactive tracers 1977 (biology) William fowler Studies on the formation of nuclear reactions which 1983 produce chemical elements in astrophysical processes Raymond Davis and Contributions to the understanding of cosmic 2002 Mastoshi Koshiba neutrinos
Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic concepts 1. The Significance of Nuclear Technology 2. Early Discoveries 3. Basic Facts and Definitions The nucleus and its constituents Isotopes, isotones and isobars Nuclear mass and energy 4.Units SI system, Physical constants, natural unit 5. Nuclear reactions Discovery of nuclear reactions (.r) Energy in nr Neutron induced nuclear reactions Simple theories or concepts related to n r Types of nr Applications of nr
1.The Significance of Nuclear Technology 2.Early Discoveries 3.Basic Facts and Definitions 4.Units SI system, Physical constants, natural unit 5.Nuclear Reactions Chapter 1. Introduction and Basic concepts Discovery of nuclear reactions (n.r.). Energy in n.r. Neutron induced nuclear reactions Simple theories or concepts related to n.r. Types of n.r. Applications of n.r. The nucleus and its constituents Isotopes, isotones and isobars Nuclear mass and energy
Atomic and nuclear stucture Atom- smallest unit of a chemical element Size on the order of 10-8cm(1 Angstrom) Contains electrons(Qe=-le, me=0.511 Mev/c2) >) e=1.602x10-19 Coulomb and Nucleus Size on the order of 10-13cm(I Fermi) Contains more than 99.9% of the mass of the atom Made of protons andN neutrons Proton(Qp=+le, m=938.28 Mev/c) Neutron(Qn=0, mn=939.57 Mev/c) A= Atomic mass= +N Held together by strong nuclear force p~2.3×1014g/cm XN where X= chemical symbol
Atomic and Nuclear Stucture • Atom - smallest unit of a chemical element – Size on the order of 10-8 cm (1 Angstrom) – Contains Z electrons (Qe = -1e, me = 0.511 MeV/c2 ) »e = 1.602x10-19 Coulomb »and – Nucleus – – Size on the order of 10-13 cm (1 Fermi ) – Contains more than 99.9% of the mass of the atom – Made of Z protons and N neutrons – Proton (Qp = +1e, mp = 938.28 MeV/c2 ) – Neutron (Qn = 0, mn = 939.57 MeV/c2 ) – A = Atomic mass = Z + N – Held together by strong nuclear force ZXN where X = chemical symbol A ~ 2.3 1014 g/cm3
Matter Atom Electron Proton Quarks Nu ucleus Neutron >102cm(?) 108cm 10-12cm 1013cm Nuclide A Symbol 碳-12 Z666 12 12 碳-13 13 13 C—C—C 碳-14 8 14 14
>10-2 cm(?) 10-8 cm 10 -12 cm 10-13 cm ? Nuclide Z N A Symbol 碳-12 6 6 12 12C 碳-13 6 7 13 13C 碳-14 6 8 14 14C