Essential Biological NutrientsCopyright@The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Permission required forreproduction or display.TABLETASSourcesand Biological Functions of Essential ElementsandNutrientsElement/Nutrient FormsSources/ReservolrsFound in Natureof CompoundsSignificance to CellsCarbonCO, (carbon diaxide)gasAir(0.036%)COis produced byrespirationund used in photosymthesis; COJinSedlimentsCof(carbonate)found inceltwallsandsicletons:oegamicconpounds arcesentialOrganiccompoundsLising thingstothe'structureand function ofFall organisnmanidviroxes,NigasAir(79%)NitrogenNitrogen gas is avuilable only to certain microbes thutXif into othcrNO, (nitrate)Soil and waterinorganicnitrogescompoondsnitrates.nitrites,andammonisumNO2 (nitrate)Soil and watertheprimurysources ofaitrogenforalgae,pluntsand themajorityNH, (ammonium)Soiland waterof hacteriacatimals and protozonrequire organic nitrogen;allOrganicnitrogenOnganisamsorganismvuse NH,sosynthesize amino acidsandouclcicacidc(proteins, nucleic acids)OgmsAir(co-.amujkrOxygenOsygen gas is aecessary for the metabolism of autricts by ucrobesOxidesprodictofOxygen a signi canteement in organiccompoonds andHOphotosythesisinerganiccompoumdsfseewalr,sulfates.phiosphaies,nitratscarbon dioxide).Waters.HydrogenH,gasWater isthe most abunidant compoundin cells and asolventforHOswamph,mctaboliccatians,H,H,S,undCH,gaiesareproducedadusedH,S (hydrogen sulide)wolcanoes,byhacteriaandarchieaHionsarethebuuis fortrandersofventsCH,(methane)cellularenergyand helpmaintainthepliofcelsOrganic compoundsOrganismsPhosphorusRocks,MineralPhoiphate,akeyconponeetofDNAand RNA.is critical tothePO}" (phosphate)peneticmakeupofcellsand viruses,alofound inATPand NADdepositswhore it takes paurt in mumerous mctabolic reactions its presence inphwpholipids pmovides atabality to cell meimhranessSulfurMineral deposits,ElmsutrdizdyacasanyouPO(sulfate)wokanit sedimentssulfurisfoud in vitaminBI:sulthydrytgroups arepartofcurtainSH (sulhydryt)amino acids,where they form dinul de bonds that shape andstathiltnt protcins.k*PotasshumMinenal deposits.Plays a role in protein synthesis and memhrune transportoceatswaterNatSodiumSime as potasinmMajox puirticipontin memheane octions;maintains osmotic pressurcin.cellsCaCalclumOceanic sediments,Acmpunentpoozoshli(CaOsthiliecllwallrockscand mineralhaddsneststancetobiucteriul endksporesMg"MagnesiumGeologic sodimcots,Acetralalominthechlonophyllmolecule:quiredforfumctioftocksmcinbrunes.nbosones,andsomecnrymesCrChlorideOean water,Mayfunctioemembreanport:ouiredbyobligatehalophilesaltlikesto regulate oumoticpnesureZnptZincRockx minerahAn enrymecofacturregulates eukanyotic geneticsFelIronRocko,mineralsEocntiutelement forthesructureofreapiraoryprotein(cytochromes)6Micronutrients.copper,cobalt,nickel.RoquiredintiyamountstosvcascofacoinspecislizedenzymcGeodogic scdimcntsmolybdenummanganese,iodinesyalems ofsounemicobeshutmot alt.Aapoetion.if the cart/anaosiphese
6 Essential Biological Nutrients
SourcesofEssentialNutrientsCarbon sourcesHeterotroph - must obtain carbon in an organicform made by other living organisms such asproteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids Autotroph - an organism that uses CO2, aninorganicgas as its carbon source- Not nutritionally dependent on other living things7
7 Sources of Essential Nutrients • Carbon sources • Heterotroph – must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids • Autotroph – an organism that uses CO2 , an inorganic gas as its carbon source – Not nutritionally dependent on other living things
Growth Factors:Essential OrganicNutrients: Organic compounds that cannot be synthesizedby an organism because they lack the geneticand metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them Growth factors must be provided as a nutrient-Essential amino acids, vitamins8
8 Growth Factors: Essential Organic Nutrients • Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism because they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them • Growth factors must be provided as a nutrient – Essential amino acids, vitamins
Nutritional Types: Main determinants of nutritional type are:- Carbon source - heterotroph, autotroph- Energy source Chemotroph - gain energy from chemicalcompounds? Phototrophs - gain energy throughphotosynthesis9
9 Nutritional Types • Main determinants of nutritional type are: – Carbon source – heterotroph, autotroph – Energy source • Chemotroph – gain energy from chemical compounds • Phototrophs – gain energy through photosynthesis
NutritionalCategoriesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display.TABLE7.2Nutritional CategoriesofMicrobesbyEnergyandCarbonSourceCategorylExampleCarbon SourceEnergySourceAutotroph/CO2NonlivingEnvironmentPhotoautotrophSunlightPhotosyntheticorganisms,suchas algae.plantscyanobacteriaSimple inorganicChemoautotrophOnlycertainchemicalsbacteria, such asmethanogens,deep-sea ventbacteriaHeterotroph/OtherOrganismsOrganicor SunlightChemoheterotrophMetabolicProtozoa, fungi,conversion of themany bacteria,animalsnutrients fromotherorganismsISaprobeMetabolizing theFungi.bacteriaorganic matter of(decomposers)dead organisms2.ParasiteUtilizingtheVariousparasitesandtissues,uidspathogens; can beofa live hostbacteria, fungi.protozoa,animalsPhotoheterotrophSunlight orPurple and green10photosyntheticorganic matterbacteria
10 Nutritional Categories