NOTES AND REFERENCES 二二 7 May 20 Commission on Information and Accountability for Women s and Children's health Keeping Naiosns 20 5 thtpo l ts tina leneve topr ent na or pevs 2o 5nt nstorminaourwnorld. promisesmeasuringresultsGenevaWorldHealthOrganization2011(http://wwww.who. 2015 2 A/RES/55/2. United Nations Millennium Declaration adopted by the General eport: Every Woman, Every Child, Every Adolescent Achievements and Prospects Assembly, Fifty-fifth session, agenda item 60 (b), 18 en/ga/search/iew doc. asp? symbol=A/RES/55/ September 2015). sandchildrensHealthGenevaWorldHealthOrganization2015(httpr//ww stats. un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2015/English2015-pdt, 22 Fukuda-Parr S. Greenstein J, Stewart D How should MDG success and failure be judged cessed 16 September 2015). (UNGASS), was much indebted to AlDS activism, a Central Agency 23 Kabeer N Can the MDGs provide a way to social justice? The challenges of intersecting port on AIDS and security and, arguably, the work of the United l inequalitiesBrightonInstituteofDevelopmentStudies2010(www.ids.ac.uk/go/mdgs- and-social-inequalities, accessed 16 September 2015). 5 ARES/60/1. 2005 World Summit Outcome. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 24 Nayyar D Ur Systems Task Team on the Post- 2015 United Nations Development Agenda The er 2015: some refiections on the possibilities. New York (NY): United Sixtiethsessionagendaitems46and120,240ctober2005(http://www.un.org/ Lorg/millenniumgoals/pdf/deepak nayyar_ Aug. pdf, accessed 16 womenwatch/odsA-RES-60-1-E pdf, accessed 16 September 2015. September Goals and beyond 2015. 2013: MDG acceleration and beyond 25 Monitoring health inequality step for achieving health equity. lustration 2015.NewYork(ny:uNitedNations(http./www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml ndfundamentalconceptsGenevaWorldHealthOrganization2015(httpc//apps.who int/irs/bitstream/10665/164530/1/HO- HIS_HSI_ 2015._ eng. pdf?ua=l, accessed 5 October 2015). 7 For instance, at the MDG summit in 2010, many commitments were made with specitic 26 A/RES/66/288. The future we want Resolution adopted by the General As July 2012 without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/56). United Nat AssemblySixty-sixthsessionagendaitem19(http:/www.un.org/ga/sear hanism to track these and other commitments, except the overall annual monitoring asp?symbol=ARES/66/288, accessed 16 September 2015). ttp//www.un.arg/enmdg/summit2010pdfmdgsummit_matri_12nov2010_rev2_rev%2027A68/l61.Draftresolution DZpdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 8 Higgins K. Reflecting on the MDGs and making sense of the Post-2015 Development eneral Assembly Resolution 66/288. Agenda item 14. In: Sixty-eighth United Nations GeneralAssemblyNewYork,8September2014(http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc plods/2013/05/2013-Post-2015 pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). asp?symbol=A/68/L 61, accessed 16 September 2015). 28 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Geneva: United Nations Office 2010: 41( MDGs and beyond. Intemational Development Studies(IDS)Bulletin. RiskReduction2015(http://www.unisdr.org/weinform/publications/43291 accessed 28 August 2015). Health,publishedin2001(http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42435/1/924154550x Financing for Development(Addis Ababa df, accessed 16 September 2015). Be (A/69/L.82).United ga/search/view_doc. asp?symbol=ARES/69 ed 5 October 2015). Smm0m)x可如如政 UnitedNationsDecember2014(http://www.un.org/o 12 Vandemoortele J, Delamonica E Taking the MDGs beyond 2015. hasten slowly. International SG Synthesis Report_ Road to_ Dignity by_ 2030.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). Development Studies(IDS)Bulletin. 41(1): 60-9. 31 Buse K 3(http://www.globalizationandhealth.col Sixty-first World Health Assembly, Geneva, 19-24 May 2008. Resolutions an content/11//13, accessed 16 September 2015). Geneva:World Health Organization: 2008: 25-6(WHA61/2008/REC/: 32 The Helsinki statement on Health in All Policies. 8th Global Conference on Health Promotio os who. int/gb/ebwhapdf files/wHA61-REC1/A61- REC1-en-pdf, accessed 16 sextus Ge A65.8. Outcome of the Worid conference on Social Determinants of Health th World Health Assembly, Geneva, 21-26 May 2012. Resolutions and decisions. GenevawOrldHealthOrganization2012:15-17(wha65/2012/rec/1;http 15GlobalHealthObservatorydataGenevaWorldHealthOrganization(httpr/www.whoint int/gblebwhapdf files/wHA65-REC1/A65 REC1-en pdf, accessed 16 September gho/en, accessed 16 September 2015). 16 For example: Caldwell JC. Education as a factor in mortality decline an examination of 34 An Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG indicators(AEG-SDGs), consisting of 28 Nigerian data Popul Stud. 1979, 33(3):395-4 is responsible for the development of a proposal for a global indicator framework in an 17 Table 1. 1 summarizes regional and global progress for all the health-related MDG indicators inclusive and transparent process. and limited progress. The classification is based on the following criteria. Target achieved: 35 Global reference list of 100 core health indicators. Geneva: World Health Organization; reduction from 1990 to 2015 is equal to or exceeds the target reduction or 2015 level 2015(http://www.whoint/healthinfo/indicators/2015/en/,accessed16September2015). rogress: reduction from 1990 to 2015 is at least half of the target reduction or the 36 Measurement and accountability for health results: roadmap and five point call to action. A4hsummitWorldBankWashington(dc),9-11june2015(http://ma4heal solute target org/roadmap, accessed 16 September 2015 37 WHO has organized two technical meetings to different options for World Health Organization, Geneva, 11-12 December 2014 eed for family planning: 10%.; No or limited progress: reduction from 1990 to 201 less than half of the target reduction or the difference between the 2015 level and the 38 Measurement of healthy life expectancy and well-being. World Health Org absolute target is more than half of the gap between the target and the global baseline. Geneva10-11December2012(httpr//wwww.whoint/healthinf en/, accessed 16 September 2015). 1252小几5k urope2020-forahealthierEu.BrusselsEuropeancOmmission(http://ec.europa.ew September 2015). healtheurope_ 2020_ en. htm, accessed 16 September 2015) HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs
1 Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York (NY): United Nations; 2015 (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld, accessed 5 October 2015). 2 A/RES/55/2. United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [without reference to a Main Committee (A/55/L.2)]. United Nations General Assembly, Fifty-fifth session, agenda item 60 (b), 18 September 2000 (http://www.un.org/ en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/55/2, accessed 16 September 2015). 3 Millennium Development Goals report 2015. New York (NY): United Nations; 2015 (http:// unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2015/English2015.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 4 The attention to AIDS, particularly the 2001 United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), was much indebted to AIDS activism, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report on AIDS and security and, arguably, the work of the United Nations SecretaryGeneral and UNAIDS. 5 A/RES/60/1. 2005 World Summit Outcome. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [without reference to a Main Committee (A/60/L.1)]. United Nations General Assembly, Sixtieth session, agenda items 46 and 120, 24 October 2005 (http://www.un.org/ womenwatch/ods/A-RES-60-1-E.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 6 Millennium Development Goals and beyond 2015. 2013: MDG acceleration and beyond 2015. New York (NY): United Nations (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml, accessed 16 September 2015). 7 For instance, at the MDG summit in 2010, many commitments were made with specific actions for the period until 2015. MDG 4 and MDG 5 attracted the largest numbers with 37 country commitments and 53 commitments by other such as the private sector, civil society, multilateral agencies and academia. There was, however, no specific global monitoring mechanism to track these and other commitments, except the overall annual monitoring (http://www.un.org/en/mdg/summit2010/pdf/MDGSummit_Matrix_12Nov2010_rev2_REV%20 DZ.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 8 Higgins K. Reflecting on the MDGs and making sense of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Ottawa: North-South Institute; 2013 (http://www.nsi-ins.ca/wp-content/ uploads/2013/05/2013-Post-2015.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 9 Manning R. The impact and design of the MDGs: some reflections. In: Sumner A, Melamed C, editors. The MDGs and beyond. International Development Studies (IDS) Bulletin. 2010;41(1):7–14. 10 Other notable influences include the report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, published in 2001 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42435/1/924154550X. pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 11 Kenny C, Sumner A. More money or more development: What have the MDGs achieved? Working paper No. 278. Centre for Global Development; 2011 (http://www.cgdev.org/sites/ default/files/1425806_file_Kenny_Sumner_MDGs_FINAL.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 12 Vandemoortele J, Delamonica E. Taking the MDGs beyond 2015: hasten slowly. International Development Studies (IDS) Bulletin. 41(1):60–9. 13 Resolution WHA61.18. Monitoring achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals. In: Sixty-first World Health Assembly, Geneva, 19–24 May 2008. Resolutions and decisions, annexes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008:25–6 (WHA61/2008/REC/1; http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA61-REC1/A61_REC1-en.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 14 Updated from: World health statistics 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/en/, accessed 16 September 2015). 15 Global Health Observatory data. Geneva: World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/ gho/en/, accessed 16 September 2015). 16 For example: Caldwell JC. Education as a factor in mortality decline: an examination of Nigerian data. Popul Stud. 1979;33(3):395–413. 17 Table 1.1 summarizes regional and global progress for all the health-related MDG indicators with set targets, classified into three categories: target achieved; substantial progress; and limited progress. The classification is based on the following criteria. Target achieved: % reduction from 1990 to 2015 is equal to or exceeds the target reduction or 2015 level is within 5 percentage points of the absolute target value (% coverage); Substantial progress: % reduction from 1990 to 2015 is at least half of the target reduction or the difference between the 2015 level and the target is less than half of the gap between the absolute target and the global baseline, but more than 5 percentage points. The global baselines were rounded to the nearest 5. This results in the following cut-off values: (i) measles immunization coverage among 1-year-olds: 80%; (ii) births attended by skilled health personnel: 75%; (iii) antenatal care coverage, at least one visit: 80%; (iv) unmet need for family planning: 10%.; No or limited progress: % reduction from 1990 to 2015 is less than half of the target reduction or the difference between the 2015 level and the absolute target is more than half of the gap between the target and the global baseline. 18 State of inequality: reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (http://www.who.int/gho/health_equity/report_2015/en/, accessed 16 September 2015). NOTES AND REFERENCES 19 Barros AJD, Victora CG. Measuring coverage in MNCH: determining and interpreting inequalities in coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. PLoS Med. 7 May 2013;doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001390 (http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/ article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001390, accessed 21 October 2015). 20 Commission on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s health. Keeping promises, measuring results. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 (http://www.who. int/woman_child_accountability/resources/coia_resources/en/, accessed 16 September 2015). 21 2015 iERG report: Every Woman, Every Child, Every Adolescent: Achievements and Prospects. Final Report of the independent Expert Review Group on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (http://www. who.int/entity/woman_child_accountability/ierg/reports/2015/en/index.html, accessed 16 October 2015). 22 Fukuda-Parr S, Greenstein J, Stewart D. How should MDG success and failure be judged: faster progress or achieving the targets? World Dev. 2013;41:19–30. 23 Kabeer N. Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice? The challenges of intersecting inequalities. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies; 2010 (www.ids.ac.uk/go/mdgsand-social-inequalities, accessed 16 September 2015). 24 Nayyar D. United Nations Systems Task Team on the Post-2015 United Nations Development Agenda. The MDGs after 2015: some reflections on the possibilities. New York (NY): United Nations; 2012 (www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/deepak_nayyar_Aug.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 25 Monitoring health inequality: an essential step for achieving health equity. Illustrations and fundamental concepts. Geneva; World Health Organization; 2015 (http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/164530/1/WHO_HIS_HSI_2015.1_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed 5 October 2015). 26 A/RES/66/288. The future we want. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 July 2012 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.56)]. United Nations General Assembly, Sixty-sixth session, agenda item 19 (http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc. asp?symbol=A/RES/66/288, accessed 16 September 2015). 27 A/68/L.61. Draft resolution submitted by the President of the General Assembly. Report of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals established pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 66/288. Agenda item 14. In: Sixty-eighth United Nations General Assembly, New York, 8 September 2014 (http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc. asp?symbol=A/68/L.61, accessed 16 September 2015). 28 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 (http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/43291, accessed 28 August 2015). 29 A/RES/69/313. Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development (Addis Ababa Action Agenda). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 July 2015 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/69/L.82)] . United Nations Gerneral Assembly, Sixty-ninth session, agenda item 18 (http://www.un.org/en/ ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/69/313, accessed 5 October 2015). 30 The road to dignity by 2030: ending poverty, transforming all lives and protecting the planet synthesis. Report of the Secretary-General on the post-2015 agenda. New York (NY): United Nations; December 2014 (http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/reports/ SG_Synthesis_Report_Road_to_Dignity_by_2030.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 31 Buse K, Hawkes S. Health in the sustainable development goals: Ready for a paradigm shift? Global Health. 2015;March(11):13 (http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/ content/11/1/13, accessed 16 September 2015). 32 The Helsinki statement on Health in All Policies. 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion, Helsinki, 10–14 June 2013 (http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/8gchp/8gchp_ helsinki_statement.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 33 Resolution WHA65.8. Outcome of the World Conference on Social Determinants of Health. In: Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 21–26 May 2012. Resolutions and decisions, annexes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012:15–17 (WHA65/2012/REC/1; http:// apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA65-REC1/A65_REC1-en.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 34 An Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs), consisting of 28 Member States and, as observers, regional and international organizations and agencies, is responsible for the development of a proposal for a global indicator framework in an inclusive and transparent process. 35 Global reference list of 100 core health indicators. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/indicators/2015/en/, accessed 16 September 2015). 36 Measurement and accountability for health results: roadmap and five point call to action. MA4H summit, World Bank, Washington (DC), 9–11 June 2015 (http://ma4health.hsaccess. org/roadmap, accessed 16 September 2015). 37 WHO has organized two technical meetings to assess different options for high-level outcome measures of health: Post-2015 health outcome measures. Technical meeting, World Health Organization, Geneva, 11–12 December 2014. 38 Measurement of healthy life expectancy and well-being. World Health Organization, Geneva, 10-11 December 2012 (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/sage/meeting_reports/ en/, accessed 16 September 2015). 39 Europe 2020 – for a healthier EU. Brussels: European Commission (http://ec.europa.eu/ health/europe_2020_en.htm, accessed 16 September 2015). 12 HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs
盈 40 per 2015). Includes Joint Action European Health Life I wwwho int/gha/mortality burden disease/life tables/en/, a 47 Dolan P, Fujiwara D Valuing mental health: how a subjective well-being approach can 41 An overarch howjusthowmuchitmattersLondonUkCouncilforPsychotherapy2014(http:l/ tors. Background paper for expert consulta ww.psychotherapy. org. uk/UKCP Documents/Reports/aluingMentalHealth_ web. pdf December 2014. genev idHealthOrganizationDecember2014(http://www. accessed 16 September 2015). who inthealthinfoindicators/hsi_indicators_ SDG-TechnicalMeeting_December 2015 BackgroundPaperpdf?ua=1, accessed 13 October 2015). ing and perceived R Stat Soc Ser 42 Another approach to measuring healthy life expectancy is to rely on extensive modelling 83513-37(http://onlinelibrary.wileycom/doi/10.1111/1.1467- 985.2005.00361xtul, accessed 16 September 2015). because the approach relies heavily on statistical modelling and the use of predictive Caballero Ff Chatterji S, Olaya B, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Koskine variables to produce estimates of disease incidence and prevalence with disability weights a large number of conditions, it may be unsuitable for monitoring progress, especially 01492(10716-25(httpr//www.who.int/entitybulletin/olumes/92/10 he country leveL. 1, accessed 16 September 2015). 43 These incude Target 3. 1(matemal mortality), 3.2(neonatal and child mortality ) 3.4 NCD 50 Liu B, Pirie K, Green J, Peto R, Beral V et al. Good health is strongly associated mortality (due to four leading causes of death), 3.6 (road traffic accidents ss, but happiness does not cause good health the Million Women prospective study. Lancet. In press. orheim OF, Jha P, Admasu K, Godal T, Hum RJ. Kruk MEet al. deaths in each country, 2010-30: review ncet com/journals/ancet/article/PIlS0140 需“ nes-on-measuring-subjective-well-being htm, accessed 16 September 2015) fulltext, accessed 16 September 2015). Vaupel JW. Demography: broken limits to life expectancy. Science 6(5570):1029-31(http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5570/1029.ful 16 September 2015). FROM MDGS TO SDGS: GENERAL INTRODUCTON
40 Advanced research on European health expectancies. EurOhex (http://www.eurohex.eu/, accessed 16 September 2015). Includes Joint Action: European Health & Life Expectancy Information System (JA:EHLEIS). 41 An overarching health indicator for the Post-2015 Development Agenda: brief summary of some proposed candidate indicators. Background paper for expert consultation, 11–12 December 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; December 2014 (http://www. who.int/healthinfo/indicators/hsi_indicators_SDG_TechnicalMeeting_December2015_ BackgroundPaper.pdf?ua=1, accessed 13 October 2015). 42 Another approach to measuring healthy life expectancy is to rely on extensive modelling of disease and injury sequelae prevalence and distribution, and to aggregate these to population levels in order to calculate health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE). However, because the approach relies heavily on statistical modelling and the use of predictive variables to produce estimates of disease incidence and prevalence with disability weights for a large number of conditions, it may be unsuitable for monitoring progress, especially at the country level. 43 These include Target 3.1 (maternal mortality), 3.2 (neonatal and child mortality), 3.4 NCD mortality (due to four leading causes of death), 3.6 (road traffic accidents). 44 Norheim OF, Jha P, Admasu K, Godal T, Hum RJ, Kruk ME et al. Avoiding 40% of the premature deaths in each country, 2010–30: review of national mortality trends to help quantify the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for health. Lancet. 2015;385(9964):239–52 (http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961591-9/ fulltext, accessed 16 September 2015). 45 Oeppen J, Vaupel JW. Demography: broken limits to life expectancy. Science. 2002;296(5570):1029–31 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5570/1029.full, accessed 16 September 2015). 46 Global Health Observatory data: life expectancy. Geneva: World Health Organization (http:// www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/en/, accessed 5 October 2015). 47 Dolan P, Fujiwara D. Valuing mental health: how a subjective well-being approach can show just how much it matters. London: UK Council for Psychotherapy; 2014 (http:// www.psychotherapy.org.uk/UKCP_Documents/Reports/ValuingMentalHealth_web.pdf, accessed 16 September 2015). 48 Shields M, Wheatley Price S. Exploring the economic and social determinants of psychological well-being and perceived social support in England. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2005;168(3)513–37 (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467- 985X.2005.00361.x/full, accessed 16 September 2015). 49 Miret M, Caballero FF, Chatterji S, Olaya B, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Koskinen S et al. Health and happiness: cross-sectional household surveys in Finland, Poland and Spain. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(10):716–25 (http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/92/10/13-129254. pdf?ua=1, accessed 16 September 2015). 50 Liu B, Floud S, Pirie K, Green J, Peto R, Beral V et al. Good health is strongly associated with happiness, but happiness does not cause good health: the Million Women prospective study. Lancet. In press. 51 See for instance: OECD Guidelines on measuring subjective wellbeing. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2013 (http://www.oecd.org/statistics/ guidelines-on-measuring-subjective-well-being.htm, accessed 16 September 2015). FROM MDGs TO SDGs: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH 2
