54 Health workforce Medical products 58 Health information 60 Service delivery 62 Research for UHC 64 Notes and references 69 Reproductive, maternal, newborn, child adolescent health and undernutrition 75 Success factors 79 Strategic priorities 62 Maternal health 84 Newborn health 86 Child health 92 Adolescent health 94 Sexual and reproductive health and rights 96 Notes and references 99 Infectious diseases 01 Summary 105 Success factors 109 Strategic priorities 114 Tuberculosis 118 Neglected tropical diseases 120 Hepatitis 122 Waterborne diseases 126 Sexually transmitted infections 128 Notes and references 131 Noncommunicable diseases 133 Summa 134 Trends 135 Positive developments 137 Challenges 138 Strategic priorities 140 Cardiovascular diseases 144 Diabetes 146 Tobacco use 50 Notes and references HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGS TO SDGs
HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs v 54 Health workforce 56 Medical products 58 Health information 60 Service delivery 62 Research for UHC 64 Notes and references 69 Reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, adolescent health and undernutrition 71 Summary 74 Achievements 75 Success factors 78 Challenges 79 Strategic priorities Snapshots 82 Maternal health 84 Newborn health 86 Child health 88 Polio 90 Undernutrition 92 Adolescent health 94 Sexual and reproductive health and rights 96 Notes and references 99 Infectious diseases 101 Summary 103 Achievements 105 Success factors 107 Challenges 109 Strategic priorities Snapshots 112 HIV/AIDS 114 Tuberculosis 116 Malaria 118 Neglected tropical diseases 120 Hepatitis 122 Waterborne diseases 124 Cholera 126 Sexually transmitted infections 128 Notes and references 131 Noncommunicable diseases 133 Summary 134 Trends 135 Positive developments 137 Challenges 138 Strategic priorities Snapshots 140 Cardiovascular diseases 142 Cancer 144 Diabetes 146 Tobacco use 148 Air pollution 150 Notes and references 4 5 6
153 Mental health and substance use 157 Trends 157 Positive development 159 Strategic priorities 162 Depression and suicide 164 Dementia 166 Substance use and substance use disorders 168 Notes and references 171 Injuries and violence 173 Summary 175 Trends sitive developments 177 Challenge 177 Strategic priorities 180 Road traffic injuries 182 Violence and homicide 184 War and conflict 188 Notes and references 189 The SDGs: reflections on the implications and challenges for health 192 The legacy of the MDGs 192 The birth of the sdgs 193 Children of their time: the sdgs are different 194 Towards a WHO position on health and the SDGs 195 The place of health in the SDGs 196 Health systems are central to the new agenda 197 The SD Gs can put health governance centre stage 198 Financing the SDGs 199 Follow-up and review 200 Final reflections 201 Notes and references 202 Annex 1. Regional groupings 204 Photo credits HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs
vi HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs 153 Mental health and substance use 155 Summary 157 Trends 157 Positive developments 158 Challenges 159 Strategic priorities Snapshots 162 Depression and suicide 164 Dementia 166 Substance use and substance use disorders 168 Notes and references 171 Injuries and violence 173 Summary 175 Trends 176 Positive developments 177 Challenges 177 Strategic priorities Snapshots 180 Road traffic injuries 182 Violence and homicide 184 War and conflict 186 Disasters 188 Notes and references 189 The SDGs: reflections on the implications and challenges for health 191 Summary 192 The legacy of the MDGs 192 The birth of the SDGs 193 Children of their time: the SDGs are different 194 Towards a WHO position on health and the SDGs 195 The place of health in the SDGs 196 Health systems are central to the new agenda 197 The SDGs can put health governance centre stage 198 Financing the SDGs 199 Follow-up and review 200 Final reflections 201 Notes and references 202 Annex 1. Regional groupings 204 Photo credits 7 8 9
ABBREVIATIONS AF artemisinin-based combination therapy WHO African Region acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AMR WHO Region of the Americas ART antiretroviral therapy antiretroviral drug BCG bacillus Calmette-Guerin BMI body mass ind CDC enters for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder CRD chronic respiratory disease CRVS civil registration and vital statistics cardiovascular disease DALY disability-adjusted life year DHS Demographic and Health Survey D diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis(whooping cough) ECOSOC United Nations Economic and social Council WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region ENAP Every Newborn Action Plan EPMM Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality HO European Re female genital mutilation Family Planning 2020 Group of 8 countries gross domestic product GISRS WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System Global Fund Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and malaria G gross national income GOARN Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network HAL Health Action International HBV hepatitis B virus HCV hepatitis c virus Haemophilus influenzae type b human immunodeficiency virus HLPF High-Level Political Forum human papillomavirus human resources for health Inter-agency and Expert Group information and communication technologies IHP+ International Health Partnership and related initiatives HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGS TO SDGs
HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs vii ACT artemisinin-based combination therapy AFR WHO African Region AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AMR WHO Region of the Americas ART antiretroviral therapy ARV antiretroviral drug BCG bacillus Calmette-Guérin BMI body mass index CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder CRD chronic respiratory disease CRVS civil registration and vital statistics CVD cardiovascular disease DALY disability-adjusted life year DHS Demographic and Health Survey DTP diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough) ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region ENAP Every Newborn Action Plan EPMM Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality EUR WHO European Region FGM female genital mutilation FP2020 Family Planning 2020 G8 Group of 8 countries GDP gross domestic product GISRS WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System Global Fund Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria GNI gross national income GOARN Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network HAI Health Action International HBV hepatitis B virus HCV hepatitis C virus Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b HIV human immunodeficiency virus HLPF High-Level Political Forum HPV human papillomavirus HRH human resources for health IAEG Inter-agency and Expert Group ICT information and communication technologies IHP+ International Health Partnership and related initiatives ABBREVIATIONS
International Health Regulations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change insecticide-treated mosquito net long-lasting insecticidal net MCV measles-containing vaccine MDG Millennium Development Goal MDR TI multidrug-resistant TB mhGAP WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMR maternal mortality ratio NCD noncommunicable disease NMR neonatal mortality rate NTD neglected tropical disease ODA official development assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development OWG Open Working Group pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PEPFAR United States President' s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief POP persistent organic pollutant purchasing power parity R&D research and development RMNCAH reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health RMNCH reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome SDG Sustainable Development Goal /HO South-East Asia Region SSFFC substandard, spurious, falsified, falsely-labelled and counterfeit sexually transmitted infection TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights USMR under-five mortality rate UHC Universal Health Coverage United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime SAID United States Agency for International development WASH drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene WHA World Health Assembly WHO World Health Organization WHO FCTC WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco control WHO PEN WHO Package of Essential NCD Interventions WHO Western Pacific Region WTO World Trade Organization YLD years of healthy life lost due to disability YLI years of life lost to mortality HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs
viii HEALTH IN 2015: FROM MDGs TO SDGs IHR International Health Regulations IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITN insecticide-treated mosquito net LLIN long-lasting insecticidal net MCV measles-containing vaccine MDG Millennium Development Goal MDR TB multidrug-resistant TB mhGAP WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMR maternal mortality ratio NCD noncommunicable disease NMR neonatal mortality rate NTD neglected tropical disease ODA official development assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OWG Open Working Group PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PEPFAR United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief POP persistent organic pollutant PPP purchasing power parity R&D research and development RMNCAH reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health RMNCH reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome SDG Sustainable Development Goal SEAR WHO South-East Asia Region SSFFC substandard, spurious, falsified, falsely-labelled and counterfeit STI sexually transmitted infection TB tuberculosis TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights U5MR under-five mortality rate UHC Universal Health Coverage UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USAID United States Agency for International Development WASH drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene WHA World Health Assembly WHO World Health Organization WHO FCTC WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control WHO PEN WHO Package of Essential NCD Interventions WPR WHO Western Pacific Region WTO World Trade Organization YLD years of healthy life lost due to disability YLL years of life lost to mortality
FROM MDGS TO SDGSE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
FROM MDGs TO SDGs: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1