SUMMING UP 1 Describe some unusual records you have learned about from the unit 2 List the records that interest you most 3 Useful words 4 Useful expressions 5 List three or four importont English sayings or proverbs which encourage people to work hard to achieve their goals. Underline the subject of your sentences LEARNING TIP What do you think is the best way to remember new words? Write a sentence containing the new word-this shows the word in context Find different ways of describing an action. For example, someone can see in different ways. He/she can glance, stare, examine, observe and so on Group words that come from the same root, eg appreciate, appreciation, appreciative. Group words according to a topic, such as jobs(accountant, receptionist. lawver politician)or clothes(scarf, zip, underwear, overcoat) Learn words that have similar meanings (eg salary/wage)or opposite meanings(eg certain/uncertain) 10
Unit Sailing te oceans warming Up In pairs discuss these questions I what is a navigator? 2 What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer 3 Look at these famous people. Are they navigators or explorers? what do you know about them? AUSTRALIA Zheng He Marco polo James Cook Pre-reading Look at the pictures. Then answer the questions I How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented? 2 Which do you think was easier to work out: latitude or longitude? 3 Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used? 3 4 4 Which ones do you think are still used today? Now read about what navigation was like before modern instruments were used
Reading SAILING THE OCEANS We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ships position on a map. The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids. So how did they navigate so well? Read these pages from an encyclopedia Page 1: Using nature to help been there. If it was fresh and smelled strongly, Keeping alongside the coastline then the ship was close to land This seems to have been the first and most useful e Birds form of exploration which camied the minimum Sea birds could be used to show the way to amount of risk land when it was nowhere to be seen In the Using celestial bodies evening nesting birds return to land and their e North Star nests. So seamen could follow the birds to land At the North Pole the North Star is at its highest even if they were offshore and in the open sea position in the sky, but at the equator it is along Using the weather the horizon. So accomplished navigators were Fog able to use it to plot their positions Fog gathers at sea as well as over streams or e Sun rivers. Seamen used it to help identify the On a clear day especially during the summer position of a stream or river when they were the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday close to land to navigate by. They can use the height of the e winds sun to work out their latitude Wise seamen used the winds to direct their e Clouds sailing. They could accelerate the speed, but Sea captains observed the clouds over islands they could also be dangerous. So the Vikings There is a special cloud formation which would observe the winds before and during indicates there is land close by their outward or return journeys Using wildlife Using the sea e Seaweed Certain tides and currents could be used Sailors often saw seaweed in the sea and could by skillful sailors to carry ships to their tell by the colour and smell how long it had destination. These skills helped sailors explore the seas and discover new lands. They increased their ability to navigate new seas when they used instruments
Page 2: Using navigational instruments to sailing on his correct rather than a random help course Finding longitude There was no secure method of measuring Bearing the sun- height and azimuth longitude until the 17th century when the British horizon solved this theoretical problem. nobody knew that the earth turms eastwards at about 15 degrees every hour, but sailors did know an approximate height method of calculating longitude using speed and time. An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship. The rope was tied to A Bearing Circle a log which was then thrown into the sea. As the ship advanced through the water the knots e The Astrolabe were counted as they passed through a The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all seamans hands. The number of knots that were connected. They are developments of one counted during a fixed period of time gave the another. The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour. all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky. This gave the seamen the local time and allowed them to find their latitude at sea. However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself. he Quadrant This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe. It measured how high stars were above the horizon using a quarter circle rather than the full circle of the astrolabe Later, when seamen began to use the compass It was easier to handle because it was more in the 12th century they could calculate longitude portable. Its shortcoming was that it still used using complicated mathematical tables. The the moving ship as one of the fixed points of compass has a special magnetic pointer which reference. As the ship rose and plunged in the always indicates the North Pole, so it is used waves, it was extremely difficult to be accurate to help find the direction that the ship needs to with any reading go In this way the ship could set a straight The sextant course even in the middle of the ocean The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the Finding latitude tendency to make mistakes. It proved to be the ● The Bearing Circle most accurate and reliable of these early It was the first instrument to measure the sun's navigational instruments. It works by measuring position. A seaman would measure the suns the angle between two fixed objects outside shadow and compare it with the height of the the ship using two mirrors. This made the sun at midday. Then he could tell if he was calculations more precise and easier to do 13
Comprehending 1 Read the passage and answer the following questions I What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? What is the use of a compass?( A to set the course of the ship B to measure the position of the ship C to measure the speed of the ship D to tell the time 2 Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship? 3 Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude? 2 suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups I What skills would you seek in your sailors? 2 What problems would you anticipate for this journey 3 What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage? Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them What would you do if: Plan of action you were far from land and a storm arose you knew your latitude but didn't know your longitude you were blown off-course you were offshore but you needed more food and water you wanted to keep a straight course you were lost with no land in sight 4 Read the passage again and use the information to analyse the navigational skills Write the answers in your own words Using nature I To find the ship,'s position at sea a sailor used the North Star and the sun 2 A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw 3 Sailors used to increase their speed Using instruments 4 There were two methods to find longitude 5 Write down the working principles of the following instruments Bearing circle Astrolabe: drant: Sextant: 14