Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationPartIPracticalReadingPassageA TransportationModes(I)ADiversityofModesTransport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobilityThey fall into one of three basictypes, depending on over what surface they travel- land (road, rail and pipelines),water (shipping),and air. Each mode ischaracterizedbyasetoftechnical,operational and commercial characteristics:RoadtransportationRoad infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level ofphysical constraints among transportation modes. Road transportation has anaverage operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but arerarely ableto move outside roads.Road transport systems have high maintenancecosts, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to lightindustries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm
Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation Passage A Transportation Modes （I） A Diversity of Modes Transport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobility. They fall into one of three basic types, depending on over what surface they travel – land (road, rail and pipelines), water (shipping), and air. Each mode is characterized by a set of technical, operational and commercial characteristics: Road transportation Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical constraints among transportation modes. Road transportation has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are rarely able to move outside roads. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to light industries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm. Part I Practical Reading
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationRail transportationRailways are composed of traced paths on which are bound vehicles. Theyhave an averagelevel of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotivesand a low gradient is required, particularly for freight. Heawy industries aretraditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization hasimproved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritimemodes.PipelinesPipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or underwater. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increaseproportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas,lowviscosity,to oil,high viscosity).TheTrans Alaskanpipeline,whichis 1,3o0kmlongwas built under difficult conditions and has to be above ground for most of its path.Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries andharbors
Rail transportation Railways are composed of traced paths on which are bound vehicles. They have an average level of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient is required, particularly for freight. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization has improved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritime modes. Pipelines Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increase proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas, low viscosity, to oil, high viscosity). The Trans Alaskan pipeline, which is 1,300 km long, was built under difficult conditions and has to be above ground for most of its path. Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries and harbors. Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationMaritimetransportationMaritime transportation is the most effective modeto move large quantities ofcargo over long distances.Main maritime routes are composed of oceans,coasts,seas,lakes,rivers and channels.However,due to the location of economicactivities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime spaceparticularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Maritime transportationhashigh terminal costs,since port infrastructures are among themost expensiveto build, maintain and improve.High inventory costs also characterize maritimetransportation. More than any other mode,maritime transportation is linked toheawy industries,suchas steel and petrochemical facilities adjacentto portsites
Maritime transportation Maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances. Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels. However, due to the location of economic activities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most expensive to build, maintain and improve. High inventory costs also characterize maritime transportation. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites. Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3AnOverviewofTransportationNotes1.Transport modes are the meansby which peopleand freightachieve mobility.本句为定语从句：由介词+连词结构（bywhich）所引导的定语从句修饰themeans。全句可译为：运输模式是由人及货运实现运输的手段。2.More than any other mode,maritime transportation is linked to heawy industriessuchassteel andpetrochemicalfacilitiesadjacenttoportsites.本句然很长，但它是一个简单句：由Morethan..及suchas.所引导的短语结构作状语。全句可译为：相对于任何其他模式，水上运输模式与重工业联系紧密，如毗邻港口钢铁企业和石化企业
Notes 1. Transport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobility. 本 句为定语从句；由介词+连词结构（by which）所引导的定语从句修饰the means。 全句可译为：运输模式是由人及货运实现运输的手段。 2. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites. 本句虽然很长，但 它是一个简单句；由More than.及such as.所引导的短语结构作状语。全句可译 为：相对于任何其他模式，水上运输模式与重工业联系紧密，如毗邻港口钢铁企业 和石化企业。 Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationNewWordsdiversityn.差异，多样性proportional adj.按比例的，相配合的，适当的freightn.货物，货船，运费，货运vt.装货，运送cargon.（车、船、飞机等运输的）货物mobilityn.灵活性，机动性maritimeadj.海上的，海事的，海运的channeln.海峡，水道，路线characterizevt.表现....的特色commercial adj.商业的，贸易的circulationn.循环，流通petrochemical adj.石化的infrastructuren.下部构造n.石化产品constraintn.约束，强制flexibilityn.弹性，适应性，机动性adjacent adj邻近的，接近的containerizationn.货柜运输，货柜装货refineryn.精炼厂viscosityn.粘，黏性
New Words diversity n. 差异，多样性 freight n. 货物，货船，运费，货运 vt. 装货，运送 mobility n. 灵活性，机动性 characterize vt. 表现.的特色 commercial adj. 商业的，贸易的 infrastructure n. 下部构造 constraint n. 约束，强制 flexibility n. 弹性，适应性，机动性 containerization n. 货柜运输，货柜 装货 refinery n. 精炼厂 viscosity n. 粘，黏性 proportional adj. 按比例的，相配合的， 适当的 cargo n. (车、船、飞机等运输的)货物 maritime adj. 海上的，海事的，海运的 channel n. 海峡，水道，路线 circulation n. 循环，流通 petrochemical adj. 石化的 n. 石化产品 adjacent adj. 邻近的，接近的 Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation