World Resources Institute The World Resources Institute is an independent center for policy research and technical assistance on global environmental and development issues.The institute provides-and helps other institutions provide-objective information and practical proposals for policy and institutional change that will foster environmentally sound,socially equitable development.The institute's current areas of work include trade, forests,energy,economics,technology,biodiversity,human health,climate change,sustainable agricul- ture,resource and environmental information,and national strategies for environmental and resource management. For more information,see www.wri.org/. 2007 World Development Indicators xix
2007 World Development Indicators xix World Resources Institute The World Resources Institute is an independent center for policy research and technical assistance on global environmental and development issues. The institute provides—and helps other institutions provide—objective information and practical proposals for policy and institutional change that will foster environmentally sound, socially equitable development. The institute’s current areas of work include trade, forests, energy, economics, technology, biodiversity, human health, climate change, sustainable agriculture, resource and environmental information, and national strategies for environmental and resource management. For more information, see www.wri.org/. WDI07 frontmatter.indd 19 3/25/07 12:18:01 PM
USERS GUID旺 Tables weighted averages (w).or simple averages (u).Gap fill-coverage.practices.and definitions differ widely:and The tables are numbered by section and display the ing of amounts not allocated to countries may result cross-country and intertemporal comparisons involve identifying icon of the section.Countries and econo- in discrepancies between subgroup aggregates and complex technical and conceptual problems that can- mies are listed alphabetically(except for Hong Kong. overall totals.For further discussion of aggregation not be resolved unequivocally.Data coverage may China,which appears after China).Data are shown methods,see Statistical methods. not be complete because of special circumstances for 152 economies with populations of more than affecting the collection and reporting of data,such 1 million,as well as for Taiwan,China,in selected as problems stemming from conflicts. tables.Table 1.6 presents selected indicators for Aggregate measures for regions For these reasons,although data are drawn from 56 other economies-small economies with popu- The aggregate measures for regions include only the sources thought to be most authoritative,they lations between 30,000 and 1 million and smaller low-and middle-income economies (note that these should be construed only as indicating trends and economies if they are members of the International measures include developing economies with popu- characterizing major differences among economies Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)or, lations of less than 1 million,including those listed rather than as offering precise quantitative mea- as it is commonly known,the World Bank.The term in table 1.6). sures of those differences.Discrepancies in data country,used interchangeably with economy,does The country composition of regions is based on presented in different editions of World Development not imply political independence,but refers to any the World Bank's analytical regions and may differ Indicators reflect updates by countries as well as territory for which authorities report separate social from common geographic usage.For regional clas- revisions to historical series and changes in meth- or economic statistics.When available.aggregate sifications,see the map on the inside back cover and odology.Thus readers are advised not to compare measures for income and regional groups appear at the list on the back cover flap.For further discussion data series between editions of World Development the end of each table. of aggregation methods,see Statistical methods. Indicators or between different World Bank publica- Indicators are shown for the most recent year tions.Consistent time-series data for 1960-2005 or period for which data are available and,in most are available on the World Development Indicators tables,for an earlier year or period (usually 1990 in Statistics CD-ROM and in WDI Online. this edition).Time-series data are available on the Data are shown for economies as they were con- Except where otherwise noted,growth rates are World Development Indicators CD-ROM and in WDI stituted in 2005.and historical data are revised to in real terms.(See Statistical methods for information Online. reflect current political arrangements.Exceptions are on the methods used to calculate growth rates.)Data Known deviations from standard definitions or noted throughout the tables for some economic indicators for some economies breaks in comparability over time or across countries Additional information about the data is provided are presented in fiscal years rather than calendar are either footnoted in the tables or noted in About in Primary data documentation.That section sum- years:see Primary data documentation.All dollar fig- the data.When available data are deemed to be marizes national and international efforts to improve ures are current U.S.dollars unless otherwise stated. too weak to provide reliable measures of levels and basic data collection and gives country-level informa. The methods used for converting national currencies trends or do not adequately adhere to international tion on primary sources.census years,fiscal years, are described in Statistical methods. standards,the data are not shown. statistical methods and concepts used,and other background information.Statistical methods provides technical information on some of the general calcula- Country notes Aggregate measures for income groups tions and formulas used throughout the book. Unless otherwise noted,data for China do not The aggregate measures for income groups include include data for Hong Kong.China:Macao,China: 208 economies (the economies listed in the main or Taiwan,China. tables plus those in table 1.6)whenever data are Data consistency,reliability,and comparabllity Data for Indonesia include Timor-Leste through available.To maintain consistency in the aggregate Considerable effort has been made to standardize 1999 unless otherwise noted. measures over time and between tables,missing the data,but full comparability cannot be assured, Although Montenegro declared independence data are imputed where possible.The aggregates and care must be taken in interpreting the indicators. from Serbia and Montenegro on June 3,2006 are totals(designated by a t if the aggregates include Many factors affect data availability,comparability, this edition of World Development Indicators con- gap-filled estimates for missing data and by an s,for and reliability:statistical systems in many develop- tinues to list and show data for Serbia and Monte- simple totals,where they do not),median values(m). ing economies are still weak;statistical methods, negro together:any exceptions are noted.Data 2007 World Development Indicators
xx 2007 World Development Indicators Tables The tables are numbered by section and display the identifying icon of the section. Countries and economies are listed alphabetically (except for Hong Kong, China, which appears after China). Data are shown for 152 economies with populations of more than 1 million, as well as for Taiwan, China, in selected tables. Table 1.6 presents selected indicators for 56 other economies—small economies with populations between 30,000 and 1 million and smaller economies if they are members of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or, as it is commonly known, the World Bank. The term country, used interchangeably with economy, does not imply political independence, but refers to any territory for which authorities report separate social or economic statistics. When available, aggregate measures for income and regional groups appear at the end of each table. Indicators are shown for the most recent year or period for which data are available and, in most tables, for an earlier year or period (usually 1990 in this edition). Time-series data are available on the World Development Indicators CD-ROM and in WDI Online. Known deviations from standard definitions or breaks in comparability over time or across countries are either footnoted in the tables or noted in About the data. When available data are deemed to be too weak to provide reliable measures of levels and trends or do not adequately adhere to international standards, the data are not shown. Aggregate measures for income groups The aggregate measures for income groups include 208 economies (the economies listed in the main tables plus those in table 1.6) whenever data are available. To maintain consistency in the aggregate measures over time and between tables, missing data are imputed where possible. The aggregates are totals (designated by a t if the aggregates include gap-filled estimates for missing data and by an s, for simple totals, where they do not), median values (m), weighted averages (w), or simple averages (u). Gap filling of amounts not allocated to countries may result in discrepancies between subgroup aggregates and overall totals. For further discussion of aggregation methods, see Statistical methods. Aggregate measures for regions The aggregate measures for regions include only low- and middle-income economies (note that these measures include developing economies with populations of less than 1 million, including those listed in table 1.6). The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank’s analytical regions and may differ from common geographic usage. For regional classifications, see the map on the inside back cover and the list on the back cover flap. For further discussion of aggregation methods, see Statistical methods. Statistics Data are shown for economies as they were constituted in 2005, and historical data are revised to reflect current political arrangements. Exceptions are noted throughout the tables. Additional information about the data is provided in Primary data documentation. That section summarizes national and international efforts to improve basic data collection and gives country-level information on primary sources, census years, fiscal years, statistical methods and concepts used, and other background information. Statistical methods provides technical information on some of the general calculations and formulas used throughout the book. Data consistency, reliability, and comparability Considerable effort has been made to standardize the data, but full comparability cannot be assured, and care must be taken in interpreting the indicators. Many factors affect data availability, comparability, and reliability: statistical systems in many developing economies are still weak; statistical methods, coverage, practices, and definitions differ widely; and cross-country and intertemporal comparisons involve complex technical and conceptual problems that cannot be resolved unequivocally. Data coverage may not be complete because of special circumstances affecting the collection and reporting of data, such as problems stemming from conflicts. For these reasons, although data are drawn from the sources thought to be most authoritative, they should be construed only as indicating trends and characterizing major differences among economies rather than as offering precise quantitative measures of those differences. Discrepancies in data presented in different editions of World Development Indicators reflect updates by countries as well as revisions to historical series and changes in methodology. Thus readers are advised not to compare data series between editions of World Development Indicators or between different World Bank publications. Consistent time-series data for 1960–2005 are available on the World Development Indicators CD-ROM and in WDI Online. Except where otherwise noted, growth rates are in real terms. (See Statistical methods for information on the methods used to calculate growth rates.) Data for some economic indicators for some economies are presented in fiscal years rather than calendar years; see Primary data documentation. All dollar figures are current U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated. The methods used for converting national currencies are described in Statistical methods. Country notes • Unless otherwise noted, data for China do not include data for Hong Kong, China; Macao, China; or Taiwan, China. • Data for Indonesia include Timor-Leste through 1999 unless otherwise noted. • Although Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on June 3, 2006, this edition of World Development Indicators continues to list and show data for Serbia and Montenegro together; any exceptions are noted. Data Users guide WDI07 frontmatter.indd 20 3/25/07 12:18:01 PM
from 1999 onward for Serbia and Montenegro Symbols for most indicators exclude data for Kosovo.a territory within Serbia that is currently under inter- means that data are not available or that aggregates national administration pursuant to UN Security cannot be calculated because of missing data in the Council Resolution 1244(1999):any exceptions years shown. are noted. 0or0.0 means zero or small enough that the number would Classification of economies round to zero at the displayed number of decimal For operational and analytical purposes the World places. Bank's main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income(GNI)per capita(calculated by the World Bank Atlas method).Every economy is in dates,as in 2003/04,means that the period of classified as low income,middle income (subdivided time,usually 12 months,straddles two calendar into lower middle and upper middle),or high income. years and refers to a crop year,a survey year,or a For income classifications see the map on the inside fiscal year. front cover and the list on the front cover flap.Low- and middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies.The term is means current U.S.dollars unless otherwise noted. used for convenience:it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have means more than. reached a preferred or final stage of development. Note that classification by income does not neces. sarily reflect development status.Because GNI per means less than. capita changes over time,the country composition of income groups may change from one edition of World Development Indicators to the next.Once the Data presentation conventions classification is fixed for an edition.based on GNI.A blank means not applicable or,for an aggre- per capita in the most recent year for which data gate,not analytically meaningful. are available (2005 in this edition).all historical.A billion is 1.000 million. data presented are based on the same country.Atrillion is 1,000 billion. grouping. Figures in italics refer to years or periods other Low-income economies are those with a GNI per than those specified or to growth rates calculated capita of $875 or less in 2005.Middle-income econ- for less than the full period specified. omies are those with a GNI per capita of more than Data for years that are more than three years $875 but less than $10,726.Lower middle-income from the range shown are footnoted. and upper middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $3.465.High-income econo- The cutoff date for data is February 1.2007. mies are those with a GNI per capita of $10,726 or more.The 13 participating member countries of the European Monetary Union(EMU)are presented as a subgroup under high-income economies.Note that Slovenia joined the EMU on January 1,2007. 2007 World Development Indicators xxi
2007 World Development Indicators xxi from 1999 onward for Serbia and Montenegro for most indicators exclude data for Kosovo, a territory within Serbia that is currently under international administration pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999); any exceptions are noted. Classification of economies For operational and analytical purposes the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita (calculated by the World Bank Atlas method). Every economy is classified as low income, middle income (subdivided into lower middle and upper middle), or high income. For income classifications see the map on the inside front cover and the list on the front cover flap. Lowand middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The term is used for convenience; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Note that classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status. Because GNI per capita changes over time, the country composition of income groups may change from one edition of World Development Indicators to the next. Once the classification is fixed for an edition, based on GNI per capita in the most recent year for which data are available (2005 in this edition), all historical data presented are based on the same country grouping. Low-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $875 or less in 2005. Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $875 but less than $10,726. Lower middle-income and upper middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $3,465. High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $10,726 or more. The 13 participating member countries of the European Monetary Union (EMU) are presented as a subgroup under high-income economies. Note that Slovenia joined the EMU on January 1, 2007. Symbols .. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated because of missing data in the years shown. 0 or 0.0 means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero at the displayed number of decimal places. / in dates, as in 2003/04, means that the period of time, usually 12 months, straddles two calendar years and refers to a crop year, a survey year, or a fiscal year. $ means current U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. > means more than. < means less than. Data presentation conventions • A blank means not applicable or, for an aggregate, not analytically meaningful. • A billion is 1,000 million. • A trillion is 1,000 billion. • Figures in italics refer to years or periods other than those specified or to growth rates calculated for less than the full period specified. • Data for years that are more than three years from the range shown are footnoted. The cutoff date for data is February 1, 2007. WDI07 frontmatter.indd 21 3/25/07 12:18:02 PM
图 1 WORLD VIEW
WORLD VIEW 1 Introduction WDI07 section1 0401.indd 22 4/1/07 3:50:24 PM
easuring development-in ways familiar and new To achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 many countries need to quickly improve their economic growth and their education and health systems,their management of environmental resources,and their infrastructure for water,sanitation,telecommunica- tions,and transportation. Over the last 10 years developing economies have grown faster than in any period since 1965-and even faster since 2000.While the global picture is dominated by the larger economies-Brazil,China,India,Russia,and South Africa,recently joined by the major oil exporters-more are now doing well and fewer have suffered severe recessions,raising average growth rates Economic growth is a clear marker of development,and countries that grow usually reduce poverty.But if the fruits of growth are not widely shared many poor people can be left behind even as average incomes rise.Nor does economic growth guarantee that access to water will improve or that more children will attend school.But failing to grow almost always makes matters worse. In considering the recent progress of developing countries on many social,economic,and environmental indicators,the Millennium Development Goals set one standard for all coun- tries.But country performance is influenced by many factors.One is the starting point. Countries starting from worse positions have the potential to make faster progress,as they may benefit from the experience and technologies of more advanced economies.But poor countries may also face unusual obstacles in reaching their development goals.In either case,comparing a country's progress over the last decade with the average progress of those starting from a similar position can help to identify countries that have made exceptional progress-and those whose progress has been unexpectedly slow. This section compares the progress of developing countries measured by the rate of change of selected indicators after first taking into account countries'starting points.The difference between actual progress and the average progress of countries starting from a similar posi- tion is referred to as country performance,and countries are classified as follows: Best performers are significantly above the average of countries with similar starting points. Good performers are above average,yet not significantly so in a statistical sense. Poor performers are below the average,yet not significantly so in a statistical sense. Worst performers are significantly below the average of countries with similar starting points. Those that perform well on one indicator may not perform well on another.The patterns are complex,but they begin to highlight more of the diversity-and sometimes the commonality- of outcomes in development. 2007 World Development Indicators 1
WORLD VIEW 1 2007 World Development Indicators Introduction easuring development—in ways familiar and new To achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 many countries need to quickly improve their economic growth and their education and health systems, their management of environmental resources, and their infrastructure for water, sanitation, telecommunications, and transportation. Over the last 10 years developing economies have grown faster than in any period since 1965—and even faster since 2000. While the global picture is dominated by the larger economies—Brazil, China, India, Russia, and South Africa, recently joined by the major oil exporters—more are now doing well and fewer have suffered severe recessions, raising average growth rates. Economic growth is a clear marker of development, and countries that grow usually reduce poverty. But if the fruits of growth are not widely shared many poor people can be left behind even as average incomes rise. Nor does economic growth guarantee that access to water will improve or that more children will attend school. But failing to grow almost always makes matters worse. In considering the recent progress of developing countries on many social, economic, and environmental indicators, the Millennium Development Goals set one standard for all countries. But country performance is influenced by many factors. One is the starting point. Countries starting from worse positions have the potential to make faster progress, as they may benefit from the experience and technologies of more advanced economies. But poor countries may also face unusual obstacles in reaching their development goals. In either case, comparing a country’s progress over the last decade with the average progress of those starting from a similar position can help to identify countries that have made exceptional progress—and those whose progress has been unexpectedly slow. This section compares the progress of developing countries measured by the rate of change of selected indicators after first taking into account countries’ starting points. The difference between actual progress and the average progress of countries starting from a similar position is referred to as country performance, and countries are classified as follows: • Best performers are significantly above the average of countries with similar starting points. • Good performers are above average, yet not significantly so in a statistical sense. • Poor performers are below the average, yet not significantly so in a statistical sense. • Worst performers are significantly below the average of countries with similar starting points. Those that perform well on one indicator may not perform well on another. The patterns are complex, but they begin to highlight more of the diversity—and sometimes the commonality— of outcomes in development. M WDI07 section1 0401.indd 1 4/1/07 3:50:25 PM