CHAPTER CODE COMMENTARY TABLE R1.1.8.3--CORRELATION BETWEEN SEISMIC-RELATED TERMINOLOGY IN MODEL CODES Code, standard, or resource Low document and edition (21.2.1.2)(21.2.1.3)(21.2.1.4) 3C2000.2003:NFPA5000 SDC’A, B SDCC|SDCD.EF NEHRP1997.2000 Building Code 1994, 1997, SPCT A, BSPCCSPCD,E NEHRP1991,199 Uniform building Code Seismic one 0. 1 one2 Zone 3, 4 SDC Seismic Design Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document. SPC Seismic Performance Category as defined in code, standard, or resource low, moderate/intermediate, and high seismic risk, which has been the terminology used in this code for several editions, to the various methods of assigning risk in use in the us under the various model building codes, the asce 7 stan- dard and the nehrP Recommended provisions In the absence of a general building code that addresses earthquake loads and seismic zoning, it is the intent of Com- mittee 318 that the local authorities(engineers, geologists, and building code officials) should decide on proper need and proper application of the special provisions for seismic design Seismic ground-motion maps or zoning maps, such as recommended in References 1.17, 1.19, and 1.20. suitable for correlating seismic risk. 1.2- Drawings and specifications R1.2- Drawings and specifications 1.2.1- Copies of design drawings, typical details, and R1. 2.1- The provisions for preparation of design drawings pecifications for all structural concrete construction and specifications are, in general, consistent with those of shall bear the seal of a registered engineer or archi- most general building codes and are intended as supplements ect. These drawings, details, and specifications shall show: The code lists some of the more important items of infor- mation that should be included in the design drawings, (a)Name and date of issue of code and supplement details, or specifications. The code does not imply an all to which design conforms inclusive list, and additional items may be required by the (b)Live load and other loads used in design; building official (c) Specified compressive strength of concrete at stated ages or stages of construction for which each art of structure is designed (d) Specified strength or grade of reinforcement (e) Size and location of all structural elements, rein forcement and anchors (f) Provision for dimensional changes resulting from nd temperature licene with Acl oduction of networking permitted without loene from H ACI 318 Building Co Not fos gesaer 12e2oo5 1820415 st
14 CHAPTER 1 CODE COMMENTARY ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary TABLE R1.1.8.3—CORRELATION BETWEEN SEISMIC-RELATED TERMINOLOGY IN MODEL CODES Code, standard, or resource document and edition Level of seismic risk or assigned seismic performance or design categories as defined in the code section Low (21.2.1.2) Moderate/ intermediate (21.2.1.3) High (21.2.1.4) IBC 2000, 2003; NFPA 5000, 2003; ASCE 7-98, 7-02; NEHRP 1997, 2000 SDC* A, B SDC C SDC D, E, F BOCA National Building Code 1993, 1996, 1999; Standard Building Code 1994, 1997, 1999; ASCE 7-93, 7-95; NEHRP 1991, 1994 SPC† A, B SPC C SPC D, E Uniform Building Code 1991, 1994, 1997 Seismic Zone 0, 1 Seismic Zone 2 Seismic Zone 3, 4 *SDC = Seismic Design Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document. †SPC = Seismic Performance Category as defined in code, standard, or resource document. low, moderate/intermediate, and high seismic risk, which has been the terminology used in this code for several editions, to the various methods of assigning risk in use in the U.S. under the various model building codes, the ASCE 7 standard, and the NEHRP Recommended Provisions. In the absence of a general building code that addresses earthquake loads and seismic zoning, it is the intent of Committee 318 that the local authorities (engineers, geologists, and building code officials) should decide on proper need and proper application of the special provisions for seismic design. Seismic ground-motion maps or zoning maps, such as recommended in References 1.17, 1.19, and 1.20, are suitable for correlating seismic risk. R1.2 — Drawings and specifications R1.2.1 — The provisions for preparation of design drawings and specifications are, in general, consistent with those of most general building codes and are intended as supplements. The code lists some of the more important items of information that should be included in the design drawings, details, or specifications. The code does not imply an allinclusive list, and additional items may be required by the building official. 1.2 — Drawings and specifications 1.2.1 — Copies of design drawings, typical details, and specifications for all structural concrete construction shall bear the seal of a registered engineer or architect. These drawings, details, and specifications shall show: (a) Name and date of issue of code and supplement to which design conforms; (b) Live load and other loads used in design; (c) Specified compressive strength of concrete at stated ages or stages of construction for which each part of structure is designed; (d) Specified strength or grade of reinforcement; (e) Size and location of all structural elements, reinforcement, and anchors; (f) Provision for dimensional changes resulting from creep, shrinkage, and temperature; Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CHAPTER 1 CODE COMMENTARY (g) Magnitude and location of prestressing forces (h) Anchorage length of reinforcement and location and length of lap splices Type and location of mechanical and welded splices of reinforcement 0 Details and location of all contraction or isolation ints specified for plain concrete in Chapter 22 ( k)Minimum concrete compressive strength at time of post-tensioning Stressing sequence for post-tensioning tendons (m) Statement if slab on grade is designed as a structural diaphragm, see 21 10.3.4 1.2.2- Calculations pertinent to design shall be filed R1. 2.2- Documented computer output is acceptable in with the drawings when required by the building officiaL. lieu of manual calculations. The extent of input and output Analyses and designs using computer programs shall information required will vary, according to the specific be permitted provided design assumptions, user input, requirements of individual building officials. Howev and computer-generated output are submitted. Model when a computer program has been used by the designer, analysis shall be permitted to supplement calculations only skeleton data should normally be required. This should consist of sufficient input and output data and other infor mation to allow the building official to perform a detailed omparisons using another program or manual calculations. Input data should be identified as to member designation, applied loads, and span lengths. The related output data should include member designation and the shears, moments, and reactions at key points in the span For column design, it is desirable to include moment magni fication factors in the output where applicable The code permits model analysis to be used to supplement structural analysis and design calculations. Documentation of the model analysis should be provided with the related calculations. Model analysis should be performed by an engineer or architect having experience in this technique 1. 2.3-Building official means the officer or other R1. 2.3- Building official is the term used by many genera designated authority charged with the administration building codes to identify the person charged with administra- and enforcement of this code, or his duly authorized tion and enforcement of the provisions of the building code. representative However, such terms as building commissioner or building nspector are variations of the title, and the term building offi ial as used in this code is intended to include those variations as well as others that are used in the same sense 1.3--Inspection R13— Inspection The quality of concrete structures depends largely on work- manship in construction. The best of materials and design practices will not be effective unless the construction is per- formed well. Inspection is necessary to confirm that the con- struction is in accordance with the design drawings and of the struc licene with Acl oduction of networking permitted without loene from H ACI 318 Building Nor censee-Black veatch ot for Resale. 11/28/2005 a
CHAPTER 1 15 CODE COMMENTARY ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary R1.2.2 — Documented computer output is acceptable in lieu of manual calculations. The extent of input and output information required will vary, according to the specific requirements of individual building officials. However, when a computer program has been used by the designer, only skeleton data should normally be required. This should consist of sufficient input and output data and other information to allow the building official to perform a detailed review and make comparisons using another program or manual calculations. Input data should be identified as to member designation, applied loads, and span lengths. The related output data should include member designation and the shears, moments, and reactions at key points in the span. For column design, it is desirable to include moment magnification factors in the output where applicable. The code permits model analysis to be used to supplement structural analysis and design calculations. Documentation of the model analysis should be provided with the related calculations. Model analysis should be performed by an engineer or architect having experience in this technique. R1.2.3 — Building official is the term used by many general building codes to identify the person charged with administration and enforcement of the provisions of the building code. However, such terms as building commissioner or building inspector are variations of the title, and the term building official as used in this code is intended to include those variations as well as others that are used in the same sense. R1.3 — Inspection The quality of concrete structures depends largely on workmanship in construction. The best of materials and design practices will not be effective unless the construction is performed well. Inspection is necessary to confirm that the construction is in accordance with the design drawings and project specifications. Proper performance of the structure (g) Magnitude and location of prestressing forces; (h) Anchorage length of reinforcement and location and length of lap splices; (i) Type and location of mechanical and welded splices of reinforcement; (j) Details and location of all contraction or isolation joints specified for plain concrete in Chapter 22; (k) Minimum concrete compressive strength at time of post-tensioning; (l) Stressing sequence for post-tensioning tendons; (m) Statement if slab on grade is designed as a structural diaphragm, see 21.10.3.4. 1.2.2 — Calculations pertinent to design shall be filed with the drawings when required by the building official. Analyses and designs using computer programs shall be permitted provided design assumptions, user input, and computer-generated output are submitted. Model analysis shall be permitted to supplement calculations. 1.2.3 — Building official means the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, or his duly authorized representative. 1.3 — Inspection Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CHAPTER CODE COMMENTARY depends on construction that accurately represents the design and meets code requirements within the tolerances allowed Qualification of the inspectors can be obtained from a certifi- cation program, such as the ACI Certification Program for Concrete Construction Special Inspector. 1.3.- Concrete construction shall be inspected as R1.3.1--Inspection of construction by or under the supervi required by the legally adopted general building code. In sion of the registered design professional responsible for the the absence of such inspection requirements, concrete design should be considered because the person in charge of construction shall be inspected throughout the various the design is usually the best qualified to determine if work stages by or under the supervision of a registered construction is in conformance with construction documents design professional or by a qualified inspector When such an arrangement is not feasible, inspection of construction through other registered design professionals or through separate inspection organizations with demonstrate pability for performing the inspection may be used. Qualified inspectors should establish their qualification by becoming certified to inspect and record the results of con- crete construction, including preplacement, placement, and postplacement operations through the ACI Inspector Certifi cation Program: Concrete Construction Special Inspector. When inspection is done independently of the registered design professional responsible for the design, it is recom- mended that the registered design professional responsible for the design be employed at least to oversee inspection and observe the work to see that the design requirements are properly ex In some jurisdictions, legislation has established special reg istration or licensing procedures for persons performing cer- tain inspection functions. A check should be made in the general building code or with the building official to ascertain if any such requirements exist within a specific jurisdiction Inspection reports should be promptly distributed to the owner, registered design professional responsible for the design, contractor, appropriate subcontractors, appropriate suppliers, and the building official to allow timely identifi cation of compliance or the need for corrective action Inspection responsibility and the degree of inspection required should be set forth in the contracts between the owner, architect, engineer, contractor, and inspector. Ade- quate fees should be provided consistent with the work and ry to properly pe 1.3.2 -- The inspector shall require compliance with R1.2- By inspection, the code does not mean that the design drawings and specifications. Unless specified inspector should supervise the construction. Rather it means therwise in the legally adopted general building code, that the one employed for inspection should visit the project inspection records shall include with the frequency necessary to observe the various stages of work and ascertain that it is being done in compliance (a)Quality and proportions of concrete materials with contract documents and code requirements. The fre- and strength of concrete quency should be at least enough to provide general knowl- edge of each operation, whether this is several times a day (b)Construction and removal of forms and reshoring: or once in several days licene with Acl oduction of networking permitted without loene from H ACl 318 Building Co Nct s esack sato 5 1198-250
16 CHAPTER 1 CODE COMMENTARY ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary 1.3.1 — Concrete construction shall be inspected as required by the legally adopted general building code. In the absence of such inspection requirements, concrete construction shall be inspected throughout the various work stages by or under the supervision of a registered design professional or by a qualified inspector. depends on construction that accurately represents the design and meets code requirements within the tolerances allowed. Qualification of the inspectors can be obtained from a certification program, such as the ACI Certification Program for Concrete Construction Special Inspector. R1.3.1 — Inspection of construction by or under the supervision of the registered design professional responsible for the design should be considered because the person in charge of the design is usually the best qualified to determine if construction is in conformance with construction documents. When such an arrangement is not feasible, inspection of construction through other registered design professionals or through separate inspection organizations with demonstrated capability for performing the inspection may be used. Qualified inspectors should establish their qualification by becoming certified to inspect and record the results of concrete construction, including preplacement, placement, and postplacement operations through the ACI Inspector Certification Program: Concrete Construction Special Inspector. When inspection is done independently of the registered design professional responsible for the design, it is recommended that the registered design professional responsible for the design be employed at least to oversee inspection and observe the work to see that the design requirements are properly executed. In some jurisdictions, legislation has established special registration or licensing procedures for persons performing certain inspection functions. A check should be made in the general building code or with the building official to ascertain if any such requirements exist within a specific jurisdiction. Inspection reports should be promptly distributed to the owner, registered design professional responsible for the design, contractor, appropriate subcontractors, appropriate suppliers, and the building official to allow timely identification of compliance or the need for corrective action. Inspection responsibility and the degree of inspection required should be set forth in the contracts between the owner, architect, engineer, contractor, and inspector. Adequate fees should be provided consistent with the work and equipment necessary to properly perform the inspection. R1.3.2 — By inspection, the code does not mean that the inspector should supervise the construction. Rather it means that the one employed for inspection should visit the project with the frequency necessary to observe the various stages of work and ascertain that it is being done in compliance with contract documents and code requirements. The frequency should be at least enough to provide general knowledge of each operation, whether this is several times a day or once in several days. 1.3.2 — The inspector shall require compliance with design drawings and specifications. Unless specified otherwise in the legally adopted general building code, inspection records shall include: (a) Quality and proportions of concrete materials and strength of concrete; (b) Construction and removal of forms and reshoring; Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CHAPTER 1 CODE COMMENTARY (c)Placing of reinforcement and anchors Inspection in no way relieves the contractor from his obli- gation to follow the plans and specifications and to provide (d)Mixing, placing, and curing of concrete; the designated quality and quantity of materials and work stages. The inspector should be (e) sequence of erection and connection of precast as frequently as he or she deems necessary to judge members whether the quality and quantity of the work complies with the contract documents; to counsel on possible ways (f) Tensioning of tendons of obtaining the desired results; to see that the general sys- tem proposed for formwork appears proper (though it (g)Any significant construction loadings on com- remains the contractor's responsibility to design and build pleted floors, members or walls; adequate forms and to leave them in place until it is safe to remove them); to see that reinforcement is properly (h)General progress of work installed; to see that concrete is of the correct quality, properly placed, and cured; and to see that tests for quality assurance are being made as specified The code prescribes minimum requirements for inspection of all structures within its scope. It is not a construction specification and any user of the code may require higher standards of inspection than cited in the legal code if addi tional requirements are necessary. Recommended procedures for organization and conduct of concrete inspection are given in detail in"Guide for Con crete Inspection, "reported by ACI Committee 311. .2 (Sets forth procedures relating to concrete construction to serve as a guide to owners, architects, and engineers in plan- ning an inspection program. Detailed methods of inspecting concrete construction are given in"ACI Manual of Concrete Inspection"(SP-2) reported by ACI Committee 311.(Describes methods of inspecting concrete construction that are generally accepted as good practice. Intended as a supplement to specifications and as a guide in matters not covered by specifications. 1.3.3- When the ambient temperature falls below 4c R1.3.3-The term ambient temperature means the temper or rises above 35C, a record shall be kept of ature of the environment to which the concrete is directly concrete temperatures and of protection given to exposed Concrete temperature as used in this section may concrete during placement and curing be taken as the air temperature near the surface of the con crete; however, during mixing and placing it is practical to measure the temperature of the mixture 1.3.4- Records of inspection required in 1.3.2 and R1.3.4-A record of inspection in the form of a job diary 1.3.3 shall be preserved by the inspecting engineer or is required in case questions subsequently arise concerning architect for 2 years after completion of the project the performance or safety of the structure or members. Pho- tographs documenting job progress may also be desirable Records of inspection should be preserved for at least 2 after the completion of the project. The completion of the project is the date at which the owner accepts the project, or when a certificate of occupancy is issued, whichever date is later. The general building code or other legal requirements may require a longer preservation of such records. licene with Acl censee-Black veatch oduction of networking permitted without loene from H ACI 318 Building Nor ot for Resale. 11/28/2005 a
CHAPTER 1 17 CODE COMMENTARY ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary 1.3.3 — When the ambient temperature falls below 4 °C or rises above 35 °C , a record shall be kept of concrete temperatures and of protection given to concrete during placement and curing. Inspection in no way relieves the contractor from his obligation to follow the plans and specifications and to provide the designated quality and quantity of materials and workmanship for all job stages. The inspector should be present as frequently as he or she deems necessary to judge whether the quality and quantity of the work complies with the contract documents; to counsel on possible ways of obtaining the desired results; to see that the general system proposed for formwork appears proper (though it remains the contractor’s responsibility to design and build adequate forms and to leave them in place until it is safe to remove them); to see that reinforcement is properly installed; to see that concrete is of the correct quality, properly placed, and cured; and to see that tests for quality assurance are being made as specified. The code prescribes minimum requirements for inspection of all structures within its scope. It is not a construction specification and any user of the code may require higher standards of inspection than cited in the legal code if additional requirements are necessary. Recommended procedures for organization and conduct of concrete inspection are given in detail in “Guide for Concrete Inspection,” reported by ACI Committee 311.1.21 (Sets forth procedures relating to concrete construction to serve as a guide to owners, architects, and engineers in planning an inspection program.) Detailed methods of inspecting concrete construction are given in “ACI Manual of Concrete Inspection” (SP-2) reported by ACI Committee 311.1.22 (Describes methods of inspecting concrete construction that are generally accepted as good practice. Intended as a supplement to specifications and as a guide in matters not covered by specifications.) R1.3.3 — The term ambient temperature means the temperature of the environment to which the concrete is directly exposed. Concrete temperature as used in this section may be taken as the air temperature near the surface of the concrete; however, during mixing and placing it is practical to measure the temperature of the mixture. R1.3.4 — A record of inspection in the form of a job diary is required in case questions subsequently arise concerning the performance or safety of the structure or members. Photographs documenting job progress may also be desirable. Records of inspection should be preserved for at least 2 years after the completion of the project. The completion of the project is the date at which the owner accepts the project, or when a certificate of occupancy is issued, whichever date is later. The general building code or other legal requirements may require a longer preservation of such records. (c) Placing of reinforcement and anchors; (d) Mixing, placing, and curing of concrete; (e) Sequence of erection and connection of precast members; (f) Tensioning of tendons; (g) Any significant construction loadings on completed floors, members, or walls; (h) General progress of work. 1.3.4 — Records of inspection required in 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 shall be preserved by the inspecting engineer or architect for 2 years after completion of the project. Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CHAPTER CODE COMMENTARY 1.3.5- For special moment frames resisting seismic R1.3.5- The purpose of this section is to ensure that the oads in regions of high seismic risk, or in structures special detailing required in special moment frames is prop- assigned to high seismic performance or design cate- erly executed through inspection by personnel who are qual gories, continuous inspection of the placement of the ified to do this work Qualifications of inspectors should be reinforcement and concrete shall be made by a quali- acceptable to the jurisdiction enforcing the general building fied inspector. The inspector shall be under the super- code vision of the engineer responsible for the structural design or under the supervision of an engineer with demonstrated capability for supervising inspection of special moment frames resisting seismic loads in gions of high seismic risk, or in structures assigned to high seismic performance or design categories 1.4- Approval of special systems of R1.4-Approval of special systems of design or construction design or construction Sponsors of any system of design or construction New methods of design, new materials, and new uses of within the scope of this code, the adequacy of which materials should undergo a period of development before has been shown by successful use or by analysis or being specifically covered in a code. Hence, good systems test, but which does not conform to or is not covered or components might be excluded from use by implication if by this code, shall have the right to present the data on means were not available to obtain acceptance which their design is based to the building official or to a board of examiners appointed by the building official. For special systems considered under this section, specific This board shall be composed of competent engineers tests, load factors, deflection limits, and other pertinent and shall have authority to investigate the data so sub- requirements should be set by the board of examiners, and mitted, to require tests, and to formulate rules govern- should be consistent with the intent of the code ing design and construction of such systems to meet the intent of this code. These rules when approved by The provisions of this section do not apply to model tests the building official and promulgated shall be of the used to supplement calculations under 1.2.2 or to strength same force and effect as the provisions of this code evaluation of existing structures under Chapter 20 licene with Acl oduction of networking permitted without loene from H ACI 318 Building CoNot fos gesaer 12e2oo5 1820415 st
18 CHAPTER 1 CODE COMMENTARY ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary R1.3.5 — The purpose of this section is to ensure that the special detailing required in special moment frames is properly executed through inspection by personnel who are qualified to do this work. Qualifications of inspectors should be acceptable to the jurisdiction enforcing the general building code. 1.3.5 — For special moment frames resisting seismic loads in regions of high seismic risk, or in structures assigned to high seismic performance or design categories, continuous inspection of the placement of the reinforcement and concrete shall be made by a qualified inspector. The inspector shall be under the supervision of the engineer responsible for the structural design or under the supervision of an engineer with demonstrated capability for supervising inspection of special moment frames resisting seismic loads in regions of high seismic risk, or in structures assigned to high seismic performance or design categories. 1.4 — Approval of special systems of design or construction Sponsors of any system of design or construction within the scope of this code, the adequacy of which has been shown by successful use or by analysis or test, but which does not conform to or is not covered by this code, shall have the right to present the data on which their design is based to the building official or to a board of examiners appointed by the building official. This board shall be composed of competent engineers and shall have authority to investigate the data so submitted, to require tests, and to formulate rules governing design and construction of such systems to meet the intent of this code. These rules when approved by the building official and promulgated shall be of the same force and effect as the provisions of this code. R1.4 — Approval of special systems of design or construction New methods of design, new materials, and new uses of materials should undergo a period of development before being specifically covered in a code. Hence, good systems or components might be excluded from use by implication if means were not available to obtain acceptance. For special systems considered under this section, specific tests, load factors, deflection limits, and other pertinent requirements should be set by the board of examiners, and should be consistent with the intent of the code. The provisions of this section do not apply to model tests used to supplement calculations under 1.2.2 or to strength evaluation of existing structures under Chapter 20. Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Black & Veatch/5910842100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/28/2005 18:20:15 MST --`,,`,````````,,`,,`,,``,`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---