硕士学位论文 新中国婚姻法变迁之社会性别分析 一一以女性权利为视角 A Gender Analysis on Marriage Law of the PRC: A Female Rights Perspective 作者姓名： 赵玺 指导教师： 周祖成教授 西南政法大学 Southwest University of Political Science and Law
硕 士 学 位 论 文 新中国婚姻法变迁之社会性别分析 ——以女性权利为视角 A Gender Analysis on Marriage Law of the PRC： A Female Rights Perspective 作 者 姓 名： 赵 玺 指 导 教 师： 周祖成 教授 西 南 政 法 大 学 Southwest University of Political Science and Law
内容摘要 女性的生存与发展反映时代的变迁，女性的权利和地位关涉全人类的幸福。关注女 性、重视女性的利益诉求、保护女性权利，是时代赋予人类社会的历史重任。婚姻家庭 作为人类社会的最基本单位，是一定社会现实的缩影，女性的婚姻家庭地位直接体现其 社会地位。如果女性在家庭领域得不到公平、平等的权利，那么她在其它领域中将不会 得到任何形式的平等权利。因此，女性婚烟家庭权利至关重要。 新中国成立以来，我国三部婚姻法的颁布与修正是在不同历史阶段对婚姻家庭关系 进行法律促进和构建的过程，始终向着实现男女平等的方向迈进，立法日趋进步与完善， 取得了举世瞩目的成就。然而，在婚姻法实施历程中，仍然存在许多女性权利流于形式， 男女不平等的现象，大量关乎两性关系和女性权利的法律问题无从解决。如果“中性” 地看待婚姻法的发展，不易发现保护女性权利的法律漏洞：只有纳入社会性别意识，将 法律中的人还原为“有性人”，从性别视角出发进行法学研究，才能揭示出婚姻法看似 平等的法律条文下隐藏着的不合理结构。 在我国婚姻法发展的三个阶段中，立法均在不同程度上坚持了针对女性生理特征进 行特殊保护的规定，而且日臻完善：然而，面对男女社会性别范畴的差异特征，婚姻法 的态度并不坚决。针对某一具体权利采有不同的保护方法，可以分为“同一保护”和“差 异保护”两种，理论上存有“同一平等”与“差异平等”之争。两种不同的法律方法， 究竟何者才是婚烟法保护女性权利的正确进路？ 本文主要运用社会性别分析、历史比较方法，对新中国婚姻法的变迁过程进行梳理。 比较我国婚姻法发展三个阶段一一1950年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》、1980年《中华人 民共和国婚姻法》以及2001年《中华人民共和国婚烟法（修正案）》的制定过程、基本 内容、指导方针、价值取向等方面的发展变迁：考察三部法律文本针对具体女性权利所 采纳的不同保护规定，归纳总结婚姻法保护女性权利的变化发展基本规律。通过价值分 析比较“差异保护”和“同等保护”何者才是更适合当下中国婚姻家庭立法保护女性权 利的法律进路。思考如何扬弃传统平等观念，从而更好地增强社会性别意识，切实保护 女性权利。 全文共4万7千余字，分为6个部分： 引言部分交代了文章要论述的主要问题、研究现状、研究方法以及研究意义
1 内容摘要 女性的生存与发展反映时代的变迁，女性的权利和地位关涉全人类的幸福。关注女 性、重视女性的利益诉求、保护女性权利，是时代赋予人类社会的历史重任。婚姻家庭 作为人类社会的最基本单位，是一定社会现实的缩影，女性的婚姻家庭地位直接体现其 社会地位。如果女性在家庭领域得不到公平、平等的权利，那么她在其它领域中将不会 得到任何形式的平等权利。因此，女性婚姻家庭权利至关重要。 新中国成立以来，我国三部婚姻法的颁布与修正是在不同历史阶段对婚姻家庭关系 进行法律促进和构建的过程，始终向着实现男女平等的方向迈进，立法日趋进步与完善， 取得了举世瞩目的成就。然而，在婚姻法实施历程中，仍然存在许多女性权利流于形式， 男女不平等的现象，大量关乎两性关系和女性权利的法律问题无从解决。如果“中性” 地看待婚姻法的发展，不易发现保护女性权利的法律漏洞；只有纳入社会性别意识，将 法律中的人还原为“有性人”，从性别视角出发进行法学研究，才能揭示出婚姻法看似 平等的法律条文下隐藏着的不合理结构。 在我国婚姻法发展的三个阶段中，立法均在不同程度上坚持了针对女性生理特征进 行特殊保护的规定，而且日臻完善；然而，面对男女社会性别范畴的差异特征，婚姻法 的态度并不坚决。针对某一具体权利采有不同的保护方法，可以分为“同一保护”和“差 异保护”两种，理论上存有“同一平等”与“差异平等”之争。两种不同的法律方法， 究竟何者才是婚姻法保护女性权利的正确进路？ 本文主要运用社会性别分析、历史比较方法，对新中国婚姻法的变迁过程进行梳理。 比较我国婚姻法发展三个阶段——1950 年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》、1980 年《中华人 民共和国婚姻法》以及 2001 年《中华人民共和国婚姻法（修正案）》的制定过程、基本 内容、指导方针、价值取向等方面的发展变迁；考察三部法律文本针对具体女性权利所 采纳的不同保护规定，归纳总结婚姻法保护女性权利的变化发展基本规律。通过价值分 析比较“差异保护”和“同等保护”何者才是更适合当下中国婚姻家庭立法保护女性权 利的法律进路。思考如何扬弃传统平等观念，从而更好地增强社会性别意识，切实保护 女性权利。 全文共 4 万 7 千余字，分为 6 个部分： 引言部分交代了文章要论述的主要问题、研究现状、研究方法以及研究意义
第一部分以现有的权利和权利形态理论为基础，界定女性权利的内涵，得出女性权 利的简单定义，对女性婚姻家庭权利进行分类。 第二部分回顾婚姻法变迁的历史发展进程，从女性权利视角出发，分阶段考察1950 年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》、1980年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》以及2001年《中华人 民共和国婚姻法（修正案）》的制定过程、基本内容、指导方针、价值取向等，从女性 婚姻家庭人身权和财产权两方面对各个时期不同规定进行法条分析、历史比较，总结各 时期婚姻法的特点，得出新中国婚姻法保护女性权利呈现“差异保护一一同等保护一 一无性别指称的差异保护”的变化规律。 第三部分从女性主义的“同一平等与差异平等之争”得到“法律对男女两性权利不 分差别的同等对待，反而是对女性的歧视，与保护女性权利的初衷相左”的启示。由社 会性别理论对女性性别差异特征的分析得出结论： 在生存与发展、社会参与的各类竞争中，如果同等对待男女两性，对女性权利采取 同一保护原则，处于不利位置、被淘汰的必然普遍是女性：这种形式上的平等，实质上 是对女性的不平等。要弥合历史造成的性别差距，实现性别平等，社会应采取性别差异 平等的原则，关注女性性别差异特征，给予女性较多的优惠与倾斜。社会性别意识下的 差异保护，是婚姻法的必然选择。 第四部分基于保护女性权利、构建和谐两性关系的目标，从社会性别视角出发，从 分析和解决我国当前婚姻家庭领域与女性权利密切相关的问题入手，对我国《婚姻法》 的修改和完善提出构想。 结语部分指出，中国当代女性的发展需要法律来推动男女平等的实现，法律应当为 此做出适当地调整。社会性别理论下对女性权利的差异保护，并不是要将男女两性引向 性别的对立：恰恰相反，差异保护女性权利、解放女性就是要解除性别制度对男女两性 的束缚，使得男女两性自由、和谐地发展。 关键词：女性权利；婚姻法；社会性别；差异平等 2
2 第一部分以现有的权利和权利形态理论为基础，界定女性权利的内涵，得出女性权 利的简单定义，对女性婚姻家庭权利进行分类。 第二部分回顾婚姻法变迁的历史发展进程，从女性权利视角出发，分阶段考察 1950 年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》、1980 年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》以及 2001 年《中华人 民共和国婚姻法（修正案）》的制定过程、基本内容、指导方针、价值取向等，从女性 婚姻家庭人身权和财产权两方面对各个时期不同规定进行法条分析、历史比较，总结各 时期婚姻法的特点，得出新中国婚姻法保护女性权利呈现 “差异保护——同等保护— —无性别指称的差异保护”的变化规律。 第三部分从女性主义的“同一平等与差异平等之争”得到“法律对男女两性权利不 分差别的同等对待，反而是对女性的歧视，与保护女性权利的初衷相左”的启示。由社 会性别理论对女性性别差异特征的分析得出结论： 在生存与发展、社会参与的各类竞争中，如果同等对待男女两性，对女性权利采取 同一保护原则，处于不利位置、被淘汰的必然普遍是女性；这种形式上的平等，实质上 是对女性的不平等。要弥合历史造成的性别差距，实现性别平等，社会应采取性别差异 平等的原则，关注女性性别差异特征，给予女性较多的优惠与倾斜。社会性别意识下的 差异保护，是婚姻法的必然选择。 第四部分基于保护女性权利、构建和谐两性关系的目标，从社会性别视角出发，从 分析和解决我国当前婚姻家庭领域与女性权利密切相关的问题入手，对我国《婚姻法》 的修改和完善提出构想。 结语部分指出，中国当代女性的发展需要法律来推动男女平等的实现，法律应当为 此做出适当地调整。社会性别理论下对女性权利的差异保护，并不是要将男女两性引向 性别的对立；恰恰相反，差异保护女性权利、解放女性就是要解除性别制度对男女两性 的束缚，使得男女两性自由、和谐地发展。 关键词：女性权利；婚姻法；社会性别；差异平等
Abstract Female rights related to the well-being of all mankind,female status to reflect the changes in time.Concerning about the great importance to the interests of female,protecting female rights,both are the historic tasks of human society.Marriage and family as the basic unit of human society is a microcosm of society must,of marriage and family status of female directly reflects their social status.If the field is not at home a fair,equal right,then female will not receive any form of equal rights,therefore,the rights of female in marriage and family is essential. Since the founding of PRC,China's three amendments to the Marriage Law is enacted with a different historical stage of female rights in marriage and family laws to promote and build process,and improved and improved.However,in the course of the implementation of the Marriage Law,there is lot of female rights become a mere formality,a far cry from the situation from the equality between male and female.A large number of problems related to the status of gender relations and female can not solved."Neutral"view of the development of the Marriage Law and the protection of the rights of female could not find loopholes in the law,only the gender awareness into the society will be to restore the people in the law as "pedestrian",from a gender perspective to Law,the Marriage Law in order to reveal the watch like equality under the law of the irrational structure hidden. Marriage Law of our country at three different stages of development,they persist in varying degrees of physiological characteristics for the women to carry out the provisions of special protection,and improving,but areas of the face of male and female gender differences in the attitude of the Marriage Law does not strongly.Against a specific right to adopt different times have different protection requirements can be divided into "the same protection"and"the different protection"of two different ways,in theory,there are "the same equality"and "the different equality"between the legal method.Two different legal approach, whether the case is to protect the rights of female in marriage law into the right road? In this paper,using of gender analysis,historical comparison,analysis of the three stages of the development of Marriage Law of the PRC-"Marriage Law of the PRC in 1950", "Marriage Law of the PRC in1980"and Marriage Law of the PRC in 2001", amendment-making process,the basic content,guidelines,values,etc.changes in development;study three specific questions of legal texts adopted by the different protection
1 Abstract Female rights related to the well-being of all mankind, female status to reflect the changes in time. Concerning about the great importance to the interests of female, protecting female rights, both are the historic tasks of human society. Marriage and family as the basic unit of human society is a microcosm of society must, of marriage and family status of female directly reflects their social status. If the field is not at home a fair, equal right, then female will not receive any form of equal rights, therefore, the rights of female in marriage and family is essential. Since the founding of PRC, China's three amendments to the Marriage Law is enacted with a different historical stage of female rights in marriage and family laws to promote and build process, and improved and improved. However, in the course of the implementation of the Marriage Law, there is lot of female rights become a mere formality, a far cry from the situation from the equality between male and female. A large number of problems related to the status of gender relations and female can not solved. "Neutral" view of the development of the Marriage Law and the protection of the rights of female could not find loopholes in the law, only the gender awareness into the society will be to restore the people in the law as "pedestrian", from a gender perspective to Law, the Marriage Law in order to reveal the watch like equality under the law of the irrational structure hidden. Marriage Law of our country at three different stages of development, they persist in varying degrees of physiological characteristics for the women to carry out the provisions of special protection, and improving, but areas of the face of male and female gender differences in the attitude of the Marriage Law does not strongly. Against a specific right to adopt different times have different protection requirements can be divided into "the same protection" and "the different protection " of two different ways, in theory, there are "the same equality" and "the different equality " between the legal method . Two different legal approach, whether the case is to protect the rights of female in marriage law into the right road? In this paper, using of gender analysis, historical comparison, analysis of the three stages of the development of Marriage Law of the PRC - " Marriage Law of the PRC in 1950", "Marriage Law of the PRC in1980" and " Marriage Law of the PRC in 2001”, amendment-making process, the basic content, guidelines, values, etc. changes in development; study three specific questions of legal texts adopted by the different protection
of the provisions of the Marriage Law summarized the changes in women's rights for the development of the basic law.Value Analysis and Comparison of the differences through the protection and equal protection case is more suitable for the current Chinese legislation to protect marriage and family rights of female into the legal road.How can we consider abandoning the traditional concept of equality in order to better enhance gender awareness and the effective protection of female rights. The full paper of a total of more than 47,000 words,divided into 6 parts: Account of the introduction of the article to address the problem,research,research methods and research significance. Chapter I existing rights and the right to form the basis to define the meaning of female rights,female rights to draw a simple definition,female marriage and family rights to do the classification Chapter II Marriage recalled the historical development of the process of change,from the female perspective,the study in 1950,1980 and 2001 amendment-making process,the basic content,guiding principles,values and so on.Marriage and family from the female personal rights and property rights in two different periods for different provisions of law analysis,history,summed up the characteristics of the Marriage Law of the period,a new Marriage Chinese female rights protection through the "difference in protection-equal protection-no sex differences in the protection of the alleged "change in the law. Chapter III from the feminist"equality and the same difference between equal"access to legal rights for female and male treated equally,regardless of differences,it is a kind of discrimination,female rights and the protection of the original conflict inspired by the theory of female gender analysis of gender differences come to the conclusion: In the survival and development,social participation in the competition,equal treatment between male and female if,for the protection of the rights of female to take the same principle,in a disadvantaged position has been eliminated from the inevitable general are female,this formal equality,in essence,are for female inequality.Want to bridge the gender gap in the historical,the achievement of gender equality,social equality should be taken to the principle of gender differences,gender differences in the characteristics of concern to women, give female more benefits and tilt.Gender equality in mind,the difference is an inevitable choice for Marriage. Chapter IV on the basis of protecting female rights,the goal of building a harmonious
2 of the provisions of the Marriage Law summarized the changes in women's rights for the development of the basic law. Value Analysis and Comparison of the differences through the protection and equal protection case is more suitable for the current Chinese legislation to protect marriage and family rights of female into the legal road. How can we consider abandoning the traditional concept of equality in order to better enhance gender awareness and the effective protection of female rights. The full paper of a total of more than 47,000 words, divided into 6 parts: Account of the introduction of the article to address the problem, research, research methods and research significance. ChapterⅠ existing rights and the right to form the basis to define the meaning of female rights, female rights to draw a simple definition , female marriage and family rights to do the classification. Chapter II Marriage recalled the historical development of the process of change, from the female perspective, the study in 1950, 1980 and 2001 amendment-making process, the basic content, guiding principles, values and so on. Marriage and family from the female personal rights and property rights in two different periods for different provisions of law analysis, history, summed up the characteristics of the Marriage Law of the period, a new Marriage Chinese female rights protection through the "difference in protection - equal protection - no sex differences in the protection of the alleged "change in the law. Chapter III from the feminist "equality and the same difference between equal" access to legal rights for female and male treated equally, regardless of differences, it is a kind of discrimination, female rights and the protection of the original conflict inspired by the theory of female gender analysis of gender differences come to the conclusion: In the survival and development, social participation in the competition, equal treatment between male and female if, for the protection of the rights of female to take the same principle, in a disadvantaged position has been eliminated from the inevitable general are female, this formal equality, in essence, are for female inequality. Want to bridge the gender gap in the historical, the achievement of gender equality, social equality should be taken to the principle of gender differences, gender differences in the characteristics of concern to women, give female more benefits and tilt. Gender equality in mind, the difference is an inevitable choice for Marriage. Chapter IV on the basis of protecting female rights, the goal of building a harmonious